5G TECHNOLOGY: THE NEW MANNA

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INTRODUCTION Mon peuple it was that time of the month. How are you feeling? It’s Raining by Marvia Providence. It is that time of the month It was that time of the month again people. I can no longer say that Blog time is warfare time. It is now continuous warfare now that there are many out of work politicians in Jamaica. I will deal with all of that in a separate post reminding the People’s National Party that in 2011 when I returned to Jamaica and sought official membership of the party and the Portia Simpson-Miller government in 2011 not only did they double the membership fee but they ran me from their Old Hope Road head office. I would like for these lame Jamaican politicians to advise me why they are following me all over the world. On to matters more sublime, I am on a bus heading from Nashville International Airport (BAN) every airport has their own unique symbol Detroit (TDW) and Pearson in Toronto is (YYZ) etc left for the September 18 but you know the transportation system in the USA even with the Greyhound, atrocious. The Regional bus does not run on a weekend and does two trips during the week. We will not complain it is saving us hundreds of dollars on Greyhound. Now you see why people do not want public transportation to expand. As I have already written in another blog you cannot complain about what you tolerate. I was extremely lenient with the people in Chicago, Detroit, Louisville, Kentucky because when I looked at their low estate I was terribly sorry for them. I did think of it many times. When they would harass me at Rosemont Station I would stand and look across the street at the Fire Station and look to the left and see the Hyatt regency Hotel which belonged to the Governor of the State. Then I would look to the right and there was the Westin Hotel and the Business District. My motto in life is that you do not kick a man when he is down. Between homelessness, obesity, alcoholism, drugs, over medication, sloppy and untidy they are almost beaten. However, that does not augur well for me because they thought I was a walkover. I had to show them why the police in Europe left me when I was demonstrating before the Hall of Nations in Geneva, before the Nationale Assemblee in Paris, Reichstag in Berlin, HauptBahnhof in Munich, International Criminal Court (ICC) in the Hague, the Central Train Stations in Amsterdam and Brussels and Trafalgar Square in London just to name a few. The bus people in Nashville decided to mess with me one lady with her head wrapped stopped the bus and took a 30 minutes break at the penultimate stop on the route. Then they sent another driver on the return trip especially for me. She had on no uniform. At the most convenient stop I came off because as in Detroit I want no Jezebelic spirit to deal with I have enough of them pursuing me. Then in the night they decided to bring the police in the matter threatening me with arrest. My crime was I was riding on the same bus twice. The crooks and criminals in their operations can do it but I am not allowed. The Security Guards came then the police, and the little Ahab like Supervisor came. He told me I could take the next trip. Then the big fat Jezebel Supervisor came (black woman of course) ‘You are not riding, you are not riding on this trip or the next trip or for the rest of the night or any other bus.’ Of course I bowed on my knees before her and said you said ‘your highness.’ Then having had the lackeys to do his work the white Manager told me that I had to leave which was reinforced by the white police man. I asked about my refund for my $4.00 day pass. Your ‘highness’ said there will be no refund. I said okay and I left. I walked through the Bicentennial Monument and Park towards the flea market. I found a nice green patch of grass. I spread my coat and lay down. Then it hit me Raphleta, you have only yourself to blame, you know that you are dealing with criminals and that anything you tolerate only magnifies. The Pakistanis and Indians even stole my panty and destroyed one in Ashland, Kentucky. I fell asleep while waiting at 2:35 a.m. Greyhound bus to come. The Baron bus that passed through earlier my laundry was airing out so they decided to leave with my panty on moving out. I decided to deal with the matter most decisively in Nashville. Having come to a decision I started to explore the city. I ended up walking to the riverfront in a very circuitous route. I ended up passing the Stock Yards and passing the (I nearly said leper’s colony) but it was the homeless colony under the bridge along the riverfront. Then I found another one by Church Street where it began at the riverfront and I walked all the way down to Broadway, the street of action. Across the river was the Nissan Stadium. I sat by the Information Centre and had quite a number of visitors in the night including the police. I headed downtown to the Transit Centre in the morning. I had an extra sheet of cartridge paper from my many protests. I went to Walmart and paid taxes on my fruits without a murmur. I placarded the city on Saturday and it was not a very nice placard. There are a number of lessons coming out of this not only in the USA but also on the world scene. This is what is destroying the political and social fibre of society. Any society which has strong men with strong self concept is automatically a strong society because that is the order of God. God, the man, the woman and the children. However, I am observing a strong spirit of Ahab, which is actually transforming women into Jezebels. They are putting women in the front to do the fighting. Then they claim the spoils. What took place in MTA, Nashville at Wyatt Drive is just a microcosm of what is taking place in the rest of the world. I was reading the Guardian online and saw the women from Belarus fighting with the policemen. Where were the men? Then I hear people talking about we need more women in politics. Really!What we need are more men with strong integrity and character to make ethical decisions. You only have to look to Europe to confirm what I am saying. Panty wearing men and underpants wearing women who want to evangelize the world with their perverted doctrines.The fact that they are trying to use children to advance even the fight on environmental issues. They returned Greta Thunberg to school and then I saw them having children in Portugal taking out a lawsuit on environmental changes. Where in the Bible have we seen God put women and children in the front? The only time we saw a lady in the front of battle Deborah, was because of the insecurity of the man Barak Judges 4 verses 6 - 22. In Jamaica I hear people talking about the record number of women in Parliament and in the senate. Jamaica beware! Is this the time we have had the lowest representation of the polls? Is this the best representation male or female that Jamaica has to offer? I leave you to answer those questions. As for me and my house we do not mind following 100 ft. behind a secure man of God because if he is really secure and a Man of God he will want us to walk beside him. After I gave the people of Tennessee a little taste of who I am, their faces became long and they brought out their garbage truck which says ‘No One Trashes Tennessee’. I said to myself that was before you met Raphleta. On Sunday, when I went to the Walmart at Chesapeake Hill on Route 23 they were prepared for me with the police. They supposedly did not want me to stay up there because there were no Pakistanis or Indians on that side of the world as on the 52, 52A, 52B, 52S routes . That was the exact reason why I left that side too many of them. I have to be asking for the first time anywhere in the world I am being charged tax on fruits and vegetables. When I questioned it one lady in the Walmart advised that Nashville charges taxes on everything including fruits and vegetables. Not even in Europe was this done. I have some research into Sales Taxes in the United States. I have kept all my bills. Even the Dollar Tree in Detroit ( if anybody should be charging taxes it should be Detroit) was I charged taxes. All the Dollar Tree stores here in Nashville are charging me taxes. At the Walmart they asked me to leave my bags at the door. I told them they were all crooks including the police and left. I went behind the Walmart to dry my laundry and do my devotion since it was Sunday morning. The Security Guard came and advised that I could not stay. I went behind the barbed wire fence and hung my laundry on the fence including my panty and placed my placard under my laundry. I saw a trail and ignored it and camped under a tree. Trust Raphleta to find herself in another situation. Seems some veterans decided they could not take society anymore, they built their camps in the bushes behind the fence near the Walmart. They were near enough to civilization but not too near to be bothered, Far from the Maddening Crowd. Anyway the Nazis and Mafias decided to start using one of them against me to pull down my sign and disturb my peace with their set piece. When they saw it was not working they left me alone. Of course their ambulance etc. was waiting in the background. The gentleman told me I did not like white people. I said all my beliefs are in my Blog go and read it. Then he asked if I like sex? I said I do not have to ask you white people. You love it so much you have gone to the anus, even having homosexual in the army. One gentleman in the bushes came up and then everything stopped. It is amazing to me these days that people are so desperate that all you have to do is to be offered some money. No questions are necessary and no research is done even though the research is as far away as your Smartphone. I returned later to Walmart and bought my things without a whimper from anyone, they just turned off their computer on me. I paid them no mind. Of course every time I go into Walmart the computers that I would buy are out of stock. Today I went into the store and a little fellow with earring in his ears told me the ‘Special Buy’ for $199 was out of stock. I had to literally dig the information out of him. Could you please scan the barcode and let me know the price? I said I need to actually see in the cupboard that you are out of stock? He kept looking at me. I said I had no intention of dealing anymore with any man who wears earrings that is why they sent you in the first place; they know you will tell the lies. Brings me to the gall of these worthless Pakistanis and Indians! On Saturday, one gentleman came to me at the bus stop and wanted to show me his leg. He had the gall to be touching me. I said do not touch me I had to repeat it a number of times. I am not interested in anything you have to say. The Pakistanis and Indians justify their actions because they are the only ones suffering. Atrocities are not being committed on a daily basis in Africa. As for me it is chlorophyll I have running through my veins based on Darwin’s Theory one of these days I am going to photosynthesize into a tree because my daughter and I are not humans. If any of you Nazis and Mafias and your cohorts come near me I will do you like Phineas, the son of Eleazar, the grandson of Aaron did to the man and his pregnant concubine who were defiling the camp of Israel Numbers 25 verses 6 – 11. You are all defiling my presence with your criminality. Everywhere I go all these recycled criminals and never do well people who will do anything for a cigarette. It is 12 a.m. and I am in a Wendy’s at a Pilot gas station in Dickson, Tennessee. I left Nashville at 4:50 p.m. They did not run the first trip at 4:10 p.m. because they did not want me to arrive early in the city. I was dropped at a Walmart and listened to a sermon by Pastor Mensa Otabil ‘What are you Running After’ . Then I got my cart and started walking towards Centreville leaving all that I bought right there in the store. The gold plated knife I bought for forty five cents must have been the problem. First time I have seen a knife for such a low cost. It looked like providence because I had a funny feeling about that forty five cents gold plated knife I bought. I decided I had walked too far to turn back. I could get a needle and thread at another store on my way. I went to the Junction of highways I40 and T46 to bomb a ride to no avail. I left the corner at 11:30 p.m. to get a cup of tea at the Pilots and rest my legs. The Nazis and Mafias must have their crooked Psychiatrists all over the place having people harassed at all times. Can you imagine people want to tell me to eat hamburgers at 12 a.m. in the morning? I do not know what kind of craziness is that. Sick white people! They are all over the place. We black people have been putting up with them so long it has become a habit to them to want to dictate to all of us. This reminds me that in terms of interpersonal relationship in comparison to the southern part of the United States, the northern part is the pits. The Democrats need to change their stinking thinking. They remind me of the Jamaica Labour Party in Jamaica, very coarse and uncouth. Did I tell you people? I saw a towering branch of UBS right there in the middle of Centreville, Nashville. It is too much, but actions cannot lie, birds of a feather flock together. Lovers of Mammon all. Remember the book Lucifer’s Banker. I analysed that one on FaceBook. It also speaks to the fact that a lot of money is in Nashville, the Swiss would not be there if it was not so. This is the first one I am seeing outside of New York. What is it with all these bars on wheels in the streets? People, in the middle of the Sunday morning in Detroit the people are pedaling, drinking and singing at the top of their voices. Then when I reached Nashville, they had all these trucks with men and women gyrating, nobody observing any social distance and drinking. Then when I went to find a nice quiet spot to read my Bible and commune with my God I am being evaluated because I am supposed to be mad; you already know that I am being followed by nothing but criminals. Gyrating, gallivanting and singing loudly on a truck back while you consume alcohol is not crazy but finding a nice quiet spot to read is??? Churches are all locked tightly! Churches do you see why we need to take back our individual societies before it is too late. I really need to share this unpleasant experience, coming out of Cleveland the Greyhound went to Cincinnati, then to Columbus. There I was waiting for my connection to Huntington, West Virginia. The Greyhound people had one whole cadre of Psychologists or Psychiatrists all over the place examining me when we should be loading the bus to leave. They also did this foolishness when I was on my way to Louisville. Then the second time around they went to Cincinnati with the same foolishness. In Louisville, Kentucky Greyhound wanted to charge me ten dollars to print an e-ticket. I said you can charge me USA one hundred dollars. I want a receipt to get back my money. Constant hassle with the Greyhound for the expensive ride. When I saw the cost for Nashville to Tulsa, Oklahoma I said I will bus and walk. Hence, the reason I was in Dickson which did not have any bus apart from the regional bus from Nashville. Now you see why Europe is so rude to everybody. In this Blog we will be exploring the whole area of 5G Technology this technology is still really in the experimental stage. I call it the new manna because as we speak it is still not a given as to the reach of this technology. PART I will be looking mainly at the financial part of the business PART II The Technical Part of the business REFLECTIONS This 5G Technology promises to be really very revolutionary. We do not want to play catch up like we did with Cloud Technology so right from the outset let us familiarize ourselves with the jargon. At present most of the literature is predictive. Let us not be caught flat footed especially in the emerging economies. CRITICAL DEFINITIONS The definitions this month is going to be more extensive because of the technical nature of the subject matter. Most of you are walking around with a very powerful instrument in your arm in the form of your cellular telephone and are not aware of the capabilities. That is why some person can use the same instrument and make applications where they earn millions and billions of dollars and all you use it for is social media and silly conversations. Yuh cook yet, the pot finish! Wey yuh sey? (Have you cooked as yet, is the pot finished cooking! What did you say?) 5G - 5G is the fifth generation mobile network. It is a new global wireless standard after 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G networks. 5G enables a new kind of network that is designed to connect virtually everyone and everything together including machines, objects and devices. 5G wireless technology is meant to deliver higher multi-Gigabit Per second (Gbps) peak data speeds, ultra low latency, more reliability, massive network capacity, increased availability, and a more uniform user experience to more users. Higher performance and improved efficiency empower new user experiences and connects new industries. Invention of 5G - No one company or person owns 5G, but there are several companies within the mobile ecosystem that are contributing to bringing 5G to life. Qualcomm has played a major role. The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), the industry organization that defines the global specifications for 3G UMTS (including HSPA), 4G LTE, and 5G technologies. Underlying Technologies of 5G - 5G is based on OFDM ( Orthogonal Frequency - Division Multiplexing) a method of modulating a digital signal across several different channels to reduce interference. 5G uses 5G NR air interface alongside OFDM principles. 5G also uses wider bandwidth technologies such as sub 6 GHz and millimetreWave (mmWave). Like 4G LTE, 5G OFDM operates based on the same mobile networking principles. However, the new 5G NR air interface can further enhance OFDM to deliver a much higher degree of flexibility and scalability. This could provide more 5G access to more people and things for a variety of different use cases. 5G will bring wider bandwidths by expanding the usage of spectrum resources, from sub-3GHz used in 4G to 100 GHz and beyond. 5G can operate in both lower bands (e.g., sub-6 GHz) as well as mmWave (e.g. 24 GHz and up) which will bring extreme capacity, multi-Gbps throughput, and low latency. 5G is designed to not only deliver faster, better mobile broadband services compared to 4G LTE, but can also expand into new service areas such as mission-critical communications and connecting the massive IoT. This is enabled by many new 5G NR air interface design techniques, such as a new self contained TDD The differences between the previous generations of mobile networks and 5G - The previous generations of mobile networks are 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G. First generation - 1G 1980s: 1G delivered analog voice. Second generation - 2G Early 1990s: 2G introduced digital voice (e.g. CDMA- Code Division Multiple Access). Third generation - 3G Early 2000s: 3G brought mobile data (e.g. CDMA2000). Fourth generation - 4G LTE 2010s: 4G LTE ushered in the era of mobile broadband. 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G all led to 5G, which is designed to provide more connectivity than was ever available before. 5G is a unified, more capable air interface. It has been designed with an extended capacity to enable next-generation user experiences, empower new deployment models and deliver new services. With high speeds, superior reliability and negligible latency, 5G will expand the mobile ecosystem into new realms. 5G will impact every industry, making safer transportation, remote healthcare, precision agriculture, digitized logistics — and more — a reality. Latency - (computing) the delay before a transfer of data begins following an instruction for its transfer. (How long it takes to transfer data between machines) Nascent - just coming into existence and beginning to display signs of future potential. Ubiquity - the fact of appearing everywhere or of being very common (pervasive). Technology - the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry. Manna- 1 a: food miraculously supplied to the Israelites in their journey through the wilderness b: divinely supplied spiritual nourishment c: a usually sudden and unexpected source of gratification, pleasure, or gain. 3GPP's 5G logo The printing press, The internet, Electricity, The Steam Engine, The Telegraph, Each of these discoveries or inventions is part of an elite class of socioeconomic mainsprings known as general purpose technologies (GPTs). Established through pervasive adoption across multiple industries, GPTs are often catalysts for transformative changes that redefine work processes and rewrite the rules of competitive economic advantage. The profound effects arising from these innovations range widely, from the positive impacts for human and machine productivity to ultimately elevating the living standards for people around the world. IHS Markit views 5G as a catalyst that will thrust mobile technology into the exclusive realm of GPTs. In the 2017 edition of this landmark study and now for the 2019 update, IHS Markit evaluated the potential of 21 unique 5G use cases that will affect productivity and enhance economic activity across the broad range of industry sectors. IHS Markit further examined the central role the 5G value chain will play in continually strengthening and expanding the mobile technology platform. Finally, IHS Markit determined the net contribution of 5G to positive, sustainable global economic growth. While this study focuses on long term economic contributions of 5G, it is important to recognize that the 5G economy is beginning to emerge, and since the 2017 study, numerous deployments of commercial 5G have launched, creating the potential for economic contributions of 5G, it is important to recognize that the 5Geconomy is beginning to emerge, and since the 2017 study, numerous deployments of commercial 5G have launched, creating the potential for economic contributions starting in 2020. Economic Impact Compared to the 2017 study, the 2035 forecast for 5G Technology’s impact on global economic output has increased by -$1 trillion due, in a large part, to the early completion of the first 5G standard and the resulting earlier-than-anticipated commercial 5G launches by major operators. In 2035, 5G will enable $13.2 trillion of global economic output. That is nearly equivalent in current dollars to US consumer spending ($13.9 trillion)and the combined spending by consumers in China, Japan, Germany, UK, and France ($13.4 trillion) in 2018. The Global 5G value chain will generate $3.6 trillion in economic output and support 22.3 million jobs in 2035. This is approximately the combined revenue of the top-10 companies on the 2019 Fortune Global 1000-a list that includes Walmart, Sinopec Group, Royal Dutch Shell, China National Petroleum, state Grid, Saudi Aramco BP, ExxonMobil, Volkswagen and Toyota. Fortune estimates these companies employ almost 6.5 million workers. Thus, for the same level of output, the 5G value will support 3.4 times as many jobs. The 5G value chain will invest an average of $235 billion annually to continually expand and strengthen the 5G technology base within network and business application infrastructure. This figure represents nearly 80% of total US Federal, state and local government spending on transportation infrastructure in 2017. The investment in and deployment of 5Gwill fuel sustainable long-term returns to global real GDP. For the study period of 2020 - 2025, 5G’s stream of annual contributions to real global GDP yields a net present value of $2.1 trillion, equivalent to the present-day size of Italy’s economy, currently the eight-largest in the world. Monetary base is 2016 US dollars. To date, mobile technology has progressed from a predominantly people-to-people platform (3G) toward people-to-information connectivity on a global scale (4G). 5G can leverage and extend the research and development (R&D) and capital investments made in prior mobile technologies to advance mobile to a platform that delivers the much-needed ubiquity, low latency and adaptability required for future uses. 5G will make possible new classes of advanced applications, foster business innovation and spur economic growth. The emergence of 5G is a fulcrum in the evolution of mobile technology from a technology that had a transformative impact on personal communications to a true GPT that promises to transform entire industries and economies. The Use of 5G Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) Two key facets of eMBB will drive adoption and value creation in the 5G economy. The first is extending cellular coverage into a broader range of structures including office buildings, industrial parks, shopping malls, and large venues. The second is improved capacity to handle a significantly greater number of devices using high volumes of data, especially in localized areas. These improvements to the network will enable more efficient data transmission, resulting in lower cost-per-bit for data transmission which will be an important driver for increased use of broadband applications on mobile networks. Massive Internet of Things (MIoT) 5G will build upon earlier investments in traditional Machine-to-machine (M2M) and IoT applications to enable significant increases in economies of scale that drive adoption and utilization across all sectors. 5G’s improved low power requirements, the ability to operate in licensed and unlicensed spectrum, and its ability to provide deeper and more flexible coverage will drive significantly lower costs within MIoT settings. This will in turn enable the scale of massive IoT and will drive much greater uptake of mobile technologies to address MIoT applications. Mission Critical Services (MCS) MCS represents a new market opportunity for mobile technology. This significant growth area for 5G will support applications that require high reliability, ultra-low latency connectivity with strong security and availability. This will allow wireless technology to provide an ultra-reliable connection that is indistinguishable from wireless to support applications such as autonomous vehicles and remote operation of complex automation equipment where failure is not an option. 5G WILL TRANSFORM MOBILE INTO A GPT Following an incubation period, a GPT hits an adoption tipping point that leads to transformational, and often disruptive, changes to industries and entire economies. GPTs share some common attributes, including pervasive use across many industries, continual improvement over time, and the ability to spawn new innovations. GPTs lead to deep and sustained impacts across a broad range of industries that often redefine economic competitiveness and transform societies. IHS Markit anticipates that as 5G technology advances and becomes embedded within devices, machines, and processes, wireless communication will be elevated to the pantheon of GPTs. Digital mobile technology has steadily progressed from interconnecting people to serving up the data people depend on in both their personal and professional lives. For example, mobile technology is often cited as playing a basic yet essential role in connecting remote citizens in emerging economies to vital services, such as the rise of mobile banking in Nigeria. Accordingly, many of the advancements in mobile technology to date have delivered the increasingly higher bandwidth necessary to provide nearly ubiquitous voice and data coverage. While some M2M and early IoT applications have emerged, these typically employ older technologies for specific use cases. Driven by media and investor hype for companies at mobile vanguards such as Uber, mobile technologies are still primarily used to address consumer and enterprise use cases and have yet to make significant inroads in radically transforming the industrial or public sectors of economies. While these early mobile generations have been foundational for mobile technology’s journey to ubiquity. 5G will be the technology platform that connects cars and cities, hospitals and homes and people to everything around them in more meaningful ways. Legacy cellular technologies (2G, 3G and 4G) currently enable a range of connected car applications such as Wi-fi internet, infotainment, usage-based insurance, engine monitoring and many others. With 5G, connected cars will also be able to communicate with other cars and roadside infrastructure , such as traffic lights. The planned advancements for 5G are expected to explicitly address the incredibly diverse set of use cases present inIoT. Different aspects of the standard are being ‘purpose built’ to address MIoT-type applications, as well as mission-critical use cases that include autonomous vehicles, industrial automation, and telehealth. This expansion of capabilities is being implemented as part of one unified design, which means that the same 5G infrastructure can be used to support a wide range of use cases. The widening diffusion across industries and processes where wireless currently has limited penetration will position mobile technologies for a deep and sustained impact across a broad range of sectors. The 5G economy will introduce a new level of complexity to policy making and regulation as new business models emerge and the old ways of delivering goods and services are either dramatically altered or abandoned completely. Areas where policy and regulatory modernization will be required for a 5G-ready world include public safety; cybersecurity; privacy; spectrum allocation; public infrastructure; healthcare; spectrum licensing and permitting and education, training, and development. The challenge for policy makers in the 5G economy is that they must be prepared to address the ubiquity of 5G in everyday life Without creating regimes that stunt the continued innovation that will be critical to the success of the 5G economy. Policies that safeguard the ability of firms to take risks, make investments, and continue the relentless pursuit of innovation-particularly rules governing intellectual property protection-are the optimal vehicle for leveraging and capturing the full value of the 5G economy. By 2035, the ubiquity of 5G will result in impacts that advance beyond the capability of existing technologies, platforms, and industries, yet the proliferation of 3G and 4G mobile technology provide important analogs as the 5G economy blossoms. As large as 5G private-sector-led investment is expected to be, it is nonetheless, additive to the infrastructure investment and R&D spending that was preceded by 3G and 4G. The prospect of 5G ubiquity is a continuum of 3G and 4G investments that emerge from technology and spectrum licensing dynamics that incentivized R&D and big economic wagers on the prospect of an increasingly wireless reliant economy. Policies and incentives that encourage investments and the availability of risk capital, aided by strong intellectual property protections, will remain the hospitable environment that will allow the 5G economy to flourish. The HIS Markit analysis of the 5G economy assesses both a technology perspective-how 5G improves upon existing and enables new use cases-and how 5G technology will impact the global economy. Ultimately, the test of any investment is how much it improves the quality of life globally. The HIS Markit analysis documents how 5G technology will improve the ability of people and machines to interact with each other and more quickly share information to achieve greater return on their time and capital in pursuit of their personal and professional goals and outcomes. The economic effect of new investment, R&D, and technological innovation alone indicates 5G will have a profound and sustained impact on global growth. IHS Markit further asserts that the diffusion of 5G technologies across wide swaths of the global economy represents one of the fundamental contributors to expansion in the global economy over the next two decades. GPTs HAVE PROFOUNDLY CHANGED INDUSTRIES AND ECONOMIES Gutenberg invented the printing press around 1440. Prior to this, books had to be laboriously hand copied one at a time. With the printing press, books could be mass produced, helping spread ideas throughout Europe as it entered the Renaissance in the early 16th century. Before the steam engine, large factories needed to be located near rivers, which were not always reliable sources of power for equipment. The steam engine broke the dependency while also allowing factories to be located closer to raw inputs or transportation routes. Electricity took it a step further. In steam driven factories, equipment still needed to be organized around a system of belts that delivered power. Electricity allowed machinery to be designed with integrated power supplies. This allowed new, more efficient configurations of machines, including the assembly line, which redefined manufacturing practices and competitive dynamics on a global scale. Prior to the widespread use of the telegraph in the 1860s, long-distance communications could travel only as fast as a physical asset could carry a message from point A to point B. The telegraph virtually eliminated the time constraints of long-distance communications, setting the world on the path that led to today’s sophisticated, instantaneous telecommunications infrastructure. Other technologies that qualify as GPTs include rail systems, the automobile and the internet. THE 5G ECONOMY 5G mobile networks represent the next major phase of mobile telecommunications standards beyond the current Long Term Evolution (LTE) standards. 5G technology will do far more than usher in new service opportunities for mobile network operators (MNOs). Indeed, HIS Markit expects 5G will be set as a catalyst that turns mobile into a robust and pervasive platform that fosters the emergence of new business models and transforms industries and companies around the globe. 5G Technology will advance mobile networks by heightening the mobile broadband experience while evolving to address the emergent requirements of Massive Internet of Things (MIoT) and Mission Critical Services (MCS). Initially, 5G deployments are centering on enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) applications that address human-centric needs for access to multimedia content, services, and data. eMBB use cases will include new application areas, requirements for improved performance, and an increasingly seamless user experience beyond what is possible using existing mobile broadband applications. For example, many future wide area coverage applications will require seamless coverage, medium to high quality, and a much improved user data rate compared with existing data rates. Further, eMBB applications may require hotspots, areas characterized by high user density, very high traffic capacity, low mobility, and user data rates higher than that of wide area coverage. These improvements to the network will enable more efficient data transmission, resulting in lower cost per bit for data transmission, which will be an important driver for increased use of broadband applications on mobile networks. As of writing, South Korea’s operators have already attracted 3 million 5G subscriptions since launch in April 2019. The country’s three operators have deployed 5G using both 3.5GHz spectrum and 28GHz millimetre Wave (mm Wave); in Seoul hotspots using mm Wave have been deployed. As integration of 5G progresses, industry and governments-as much as consumers- will be chief drivers of 5G deployments. MCS will include autonomous vehicles, many drone applications, and telemedicine. These applications will require ultra-reliable and low latency communications, with stringent requirements for capabilities such as throughput, latency and availability. Many industries and municipalities will also deploy MIoT-applications characterized by large numbers of connected devices typically transmitting relatively low volumes of low-priority data. Enabled by low-cost, long-life modules with sensors and connectivity, MIoT applications will range from asset tracking to smart cities to the monitoring of utilities and vital infrastructure. HIS Markit assessed three facets of potential economic contribution 5G could make to the global economy by 2035, assuming the regulatory environment is favorable to growth. They are: Potential sales of products and services that will be enabled by the pervasive use of 5G across a broad spectrum of industries to optimize their core processes and establish new business models. A vibrant 5G value chain will continue to deepen the underlying 5G technology base through focused R&D efforts, infrastructure investments, and application development. Mobile technology enhanced by 5G holds the potential to drive long-term, sustainable growth of global GDP-the ultimate gauge of healthy economic progress. When at the cusp of an era that promises transformational technological change and a revamping of countless activities within everyday life, public policy is often strained to keep pace with technology advancements. The 5G economy will introduce a new level of complexity to policy making and regulation as new business models emerge and the old ways of delivering goods and services are either dramatically altered or abandoned completely. In the 4G era, the policy changes born of the ‘sharing economy’ with disruptors such as Lyft and Airbnb are emblematic of the nascent tidal wave of policy challenges that will emerge in the 5G economy. To realize the economic potential of the 5G economy, it will be necessary to continue the investment and R&D that are already driving innovation and advancing this new generation of technology. An understanding of the need for swift progress was evidenced by the initial 5G standard being completed ahead of schedule. Hastening the ongoing journey to the 5G economy requires that policymaking bodies: Enable firms to make long-term investments and R&D Engender public-private co-operation on development of 5G standards Ensure regulation and permitting keep pace with the rate of innovation The challenge for policy makers in the 5G economy is that they must be prepared to address the ubiquity of 5G in everyday life without creating regimes that stunt continued innovation. This was less the case in prior generations of wireless technology that addressed the requirements of voice, data, and digital content via mobile devices. As 5G diffuses across home and business, leisure and workplace activity, and public and private spaces, modernization of policy becomes essential. Furthermore, policymaking will be affected at all levels of government-national, state/provincial, and local. The pervasiveness of 5G technology and pace of technology change evident in the use cases outlined in this study; place an even greater burden on policymakers to try to keep up with the ways that 5G will transform lives and industries. Public safety; cyber security, privacy, public infrastructure; healthcare, spectrum licensing and permitting; and education; training; and development are merely a few of the areas where policy and regulatory modernization are required for a 5G-ready world. In summary, while consumers and industry have voted with their spending with respect to integrating more technology into day-to-day existence, policymakers will be under new challenges to adapt policies and regulations to the many innovations engendered by 5G technology. In the mid-20th century, government investment led the way in transforming the global economy through massive investments in public infrastructure. Early in the 21st century, private investment in technology infrastructure is shaping how goods and services are delivered, and private investment will likely continue to transform the global economy. Policy frameworks that safeguard the ability of firms to take risks, make investments, and continue the relentless pursuit of innovation are important vehicles for continuing on the path to the 5G economy and ensuring growth. On the trek to the 5G economy, policymakers should ensure adequate intellectual property protections for standardized technology in order for growth to materialize over the investment cycle. Firms at the vanguard of 3G and 4G mobile technology invested heavily in R&D based on an investment risk calculus that factored in adequate intellectual property protections for innovations. To realize the investment and economic potential of the 5G economy, similar conditions that stimulate continued R&D and risk capital must endure. 5G TECHNOLOGY AND USE CASES 5G Overview 5G mobile networks are the focus of mobile telecommunication standards now that LTE is inching toward a decade of deployment and the planned improvements have been released. Since the 2017 edition of this study, LTE Advanced (LTE-A) and LTE Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro) standards were completed and are essential building blocks for 5G. Additionally, the first 5G standard, Release 15, was completed ahead of schedule, in 2018, and will be discussed further below. Each successive generation and mobile network technology has improved to address the voice experience as well as the data throughput, efficiency, and capacity challenges presented by the current set of mobile broadband applications. The current technical roadmap for 5G is expected to take this a step further-not only improving the mobile broadband experience, but also evolving to address the particular requirements of MIoT deployments and MCS use cases. Initially, 5G deployments are centering on enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) and fixed wireless access applications. eMBB addresses the human-centric use cases for access to multimedia content, services, and data. In particular, video is expected to play an important role across a broad range of Mobile Broadband (MBB) devices. One of the key benefits of 5G is that it will also enable mobile networks to operate more efficiently, driving a lower cost per bit for data transmission. This will be critical for mobile network operators to address new use cases that are media and data intensive, such as Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) applications. The eMBB usage scenario will come with new application areas and requirements, in addition to existing mobile broadband applications for improved performance and an increasingly seamless user experience. This covers a range of cases, including wide area coverage and hotspots, which have different requirements. Hotspots are areas with high user density. Very high traffic capacity is needed, the requirement for mobility is low, and the user data rate is higher than that of wide area coverage. Wide area coverages need seamless coverage. Medium to high mobility are desired, with a much improved user data rate compared with existing data rates; however, the data rate requirement might be relaxed compared with hotspots. Beyond the eMBB use cases, the proposed 5G specifications also include features that will significantly extend the capabilities of current mobile and fixed-line technologies. These will allow 5G to address a range of use cases, including MCS and MIoT applications. MCS use cases require ultra-reliable and low latency communications, with stringent requirements for capabilities such as throughput, latency, and availability. Some examples include autonomous vehicles, wireless control of industrial manufacturing or production processes, telemedicine, and distribution automation in a smart grid. While the MCS use cases require extremely high performance, the MIoT use cases are characterized by a very large number of connected devices typically transmitting a relatively low volume of non-delay-sensitive data. Consequently, these devices are required to be low cost and have a very long battery life. There are several important standards efforts underway for 5G. The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) completed Release 15. The first full set of 5G standards in 2018. This release primarily enables eMBB use cases. Future 5G standards based on Release 16 and 17 will be developed in the next few years and address MIoT and MCS requirements. DIAGRAM 1- 5G STANDARDIZATION TIMELINE page 11 There is significant commercial work underway by the entire ICT ecosystem, from chipset and device suppliers to network infrastructure players. As of August 2019, the GSA reported 39 operators who had launched 3GPP 5G services. For the purpose of this study, specifically the issue of looking at an assessment of the economic impact of 5G networks, the decision was made to 2035 as the measurement point. This is based on the following assumptions: The 5G standard development milestones continue to be met The pre-standard development work will accelerate development of 5G capable chipsets and devices Standards-compliant 5G radio access network deployments continue in 2020 and are widely commercially available from 2022 onward Prices on 5G radios for end devices (all types-eMBB, MCS, and MIoT) are very competitive, driven in part by economies of scale Based on these assumptions, HIS Markit expects that, by the year 2035, 5G will have had over 10 years of broad commercial availability. By this point, even the new use cases targeting markets like industrial, which has historically been slower to adopt new technologies, are expected to be in heavy use. 5G Use Cases For this study, HIS Markit assessed the technological diffusion cycle, adoption, and potential long-term economic contribution of 21 foreseeable 5G use cases described below, which fall into the three broad classifications of eMBB, MIoT, and MCS. This is not intended to be an exhaustive list of likely 5G use cases, merely a representative sample that highlights what the technical innovations of 5G will make possible. The following sections provide a brief overview of each use case segment, with a detailed description for all 21 use cases located in Appendix A of this report. Use case adoption timeline variance between this and the 2017 edition are highlighted at the end of each section. Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) Two key facets of eMBB will drive adoption and value creation in the 5G economy. The first is extending cellular coverage into a broader range of structures, including office buildings, industrial parks, shopping malls, and large venues. The second is improved capacity to handle a significantly greater number of devices using high volumes of data, especially in localized areas. The net result of these two improvements is that end users will have an improved, and more consistent, experience using mobile broadband applications regardless of location. Enhanced indoor wireless broadband coverage Enhanced outdoor wireless broadband Fixed wireless broadband deployments Enterprise teamwork/collaboration Training/education Augmented and virtual reality (AR and VR, respectively) Extending mobile computing Enhanced digital signage The eMBB use cases most likely to have a near-term impact. These are largely an extension of the existing 4G value proposition and should see relatively quick uptake in the market as 5G networks become commercially available. While there are going to be significant impacts to global economic activity as a result of the eMBB use cases (such as operators now being able to offer stadium coverage services, AR/VR capabilities and support extended mobile computing), because these are largely enhancements to existing services, the net economic impact of 5G will be less transformative than with the MIoT and MCS cases. Variance between the January 2017 report and this report are limited in eMBB use cases. On the one hand , some operators have taken advantage of the early completion of 5G NSA NR by launching 5G commercial service in 2019. On the other hand, other operators and countries, such as Japan, have engaged in extensive field trials (using mid-band and mm Wave spectrum) ahead of commercial 5G launches in 2020. Operators will benefit from a quickly growing range of 5G handsets coming on stream over the next few years. In its Design Forecast Tool (mobile Handsets, August 2019), HIS Markit forecasts that 22 5G handset models will be introduced in 2019, rising to 119 in 2021 and over 200 in 2023. With its enhanced capacity and available bandwidth, 5G is much better placed to address the requirements of households and businesses than 4G LTE, which failed to gain significant traction as a fixed wireless technology. Nevertheless, the short- and long-term impact of 5G fixed wireless are typically rolling out coverage gradually as they focus on providing a consistent, reliable quality for this new type of service. They are also still working out how best to price 5G fixed wireless (both the service and hardware, customer premise equipment or CPE, elements) including differentiation based on speeds or data allowances. The fragmented nature of the spectrum hands used across the world for 5G fixed wireless access, from sub-6GHz (3.3-3.8GHz) to mm Wave (28GHz and 39GHz), may require the development of region-or-country-specific CPE, inhibiting potential economies of scale. In the long-term, 5G is well placed to address geographical areas where fixed broadband (DSL, cable or FTTP) are either unavailable or supports limited bandwidth: typically, rural or suburban, rather than urban areas that are typically well served by DSL, cable or FTTP. Operators will need to weigh the cost and opportunity of deploying 5G fixed wireless against extending out or upgrading their current fixed broadband networks to uncovered or underserved areas. Massive Internet of Things (MIoT) 5G builds upon earlier investments in M2M and traditional IoT applications to enable significant increases in economies of scale that drive adoption and utilization across all sectors. Improved low-power requirements, the ability to operate in licensed and unlicensed spectrum, and improved coverage will all drive significantly lower costs within the MIoT. This will, in turn, enable the scale of MIoT and will drive much greater uptake of mobile technologies to address MIoT applications: Asset tracking Smart agriculture Smart cities Energy/utility monitoring Physical infrastructure Smart homes Remote monitoring Beacons and connected shoppers The MIoT use cases are where we start to see the transformative impact of 5G. Many of these applications are being serviced today by a mix of older generations of cellular technologies and low power wireless technologies operating in unlicensed spectrum. The roadmap for LTE includes purpose built cellular technologies such as Cat MI (eMTC) and Cat-NBI (NB-IoT), which are starting to incorporate low-power improvements to address the growing cellular IoT market. These technologies are establishing the foundation for 5G MIoT, which will continue to improve upon the extended low-power operation capabilities, as well ad the ability to utilize both licensed and unlicensed spectrum. HIS Markit believes 5G has the potential to address a much larger segment of the M2M and IoT Markets, as well as reducing costs because of economies of scale. The use cases outlined above are expected to see update in the near to medium term, with faster growth once 5G MIoT modules are widely commercially available. There is greater variance between the January 2017 report and this report for MIoT than eMBB. Overall, the ‘ramp-up’ of 5G MIoT has been pushed back, reflecting the postponement of work items related to MIoT among other topics from Release 15 to Release 16 and 17 and the ability of deployed 4G based NB-IoT and eMTC (also known as LTE-M) to address most use cases, NB-IoT and eMTC were standardized in Release 13 in 2016. Subsequently, Releases 14 and 15 added new capabilities around positioning, power consumption and other elements. The number of commercial NB-IoT and eMTC networks now exceeds 140, although less than half of these provide full country coverage. To date, adoption of NB-IoT and eMTC has largely been restricted to use cases such as smart metering and asset management that were historically served by 2G. Wide Scale adoption of the truly massive IoT, including new use cases, is several years off. Extensive field trials will be required to assess the commercial feasibility (return-on-investment) of the most promising new use cases. Mission Critical Services (MCS) MCS represents potentially huge growth area for 5G to support applications that require high reliability, ultra-low latency connectivity with strong security, and availability, including: Autonomous Vehicles Drones Industrial automation Remote patient monitoring/telehealth Smart grid The use cases outlined in this section highlight many genuinely new applications for mobile technologies. The potential to support applications with high reliability, ultra-low latency, and widely available networks with strong security creates significant growth opportunities. Many of the use cases are still emerging markets (autonomous vehicles, commercial drones, and remote medical treatment), so growth will be dependent on market innovation and development of appropriate regulation, as well as the deployment of 5G networks. As a result, growth may take longer to accelerate, but given the broad implications of some of these use cases, the overall impact to society is expected to be tremendous. As explained below, work items related to MCS (uRLLC) among other topics have been pushed back from Release 15 to Release 16 and 17. This may slightly delay the introduction of technical features that specific applications require, such as near-ubiquitous coverage availability and guaranteed levels of latency. In the MIoT space, 5G faces competition from several unlicensed connectivity technologies. This is less the case in MCS, where no other wireless technology can support 5G’s characteristics of mobility, deep coverage, high speed, and low latency. Therefore, industry-specific factors, such as regulation on autonomous driving and line of sight operation of drones, will have the most impact on 5G MCS ranp-up. In this report the, the forecasted impact of 5G on autonomous vehicles and drones has been delayed to reflect the regulatory factors; however, the outlook for industrial automation, medica and energy/smart grid has remained unchanged. Several countries, such as the US and Germany, are planning to provide dedicated spectrum for private networks. These have attracted some initial interests from industries such as manufacturing and mining that want to have control over network performance (availability, bandwidth and latency), costs and their data. Should the private model prove successful, more countries are likely to follow suit and create an upside case for faster MCS adoption. 5G Ecosystem Development and Upstream Dependencies There are several factors that will contribute to the overall success and relative growth of the 5G ecosystem. These include issues related to the development of the standard, policy questions around spectrum allocation and use, market and application specific drivers, and inhibitors. The following section looks at these factors in more detail. 5G Standard Development In January 2017, when this study was last published, the first set of 5G standards, based on 3GPP Release 15, had not been completed. At that time, HIS Markit’s expectation was that 3GPP Release 15 work items would be completed in mid-June 2018 and commercial 5G launches, based on 3GPP Release 15, would occur from mid-2019. Subsequent to the publication of that report, there was a strong push for various stakeholders that wished to launch 5G as soon as possible and accelerate completion of Release 15. The specification of 5G non-standalone (NSA) NR in Stage 3 was completed in December 2017, six months ahead of schedule. 5G standalone (NSA) NR was completed by 14 June 2018 and enabled 5G deployments in a standalone (SA) mode. Please note that the acceleration of Release 15 menat that a range of items (such as vehicle to everything (V2X), URLLC enhancements through PDCCH and processing time enhancements, NR MTC for industrial sensors, among many other items) have been pushed back to 3GPP Release 16 and 17. 5G SPECTRUMS One of the critical improvements that 5G offers over previous generations of cellular technologies is support for a much broader range of spectrum, extending from 400 MHz to 100 GHz. The increased range of spectrum that 5G can theoretically utilize is a potential benefit, but there are challenges. The different spectrum ranges each have physical properties that are best suited to enable different types of 5G implementations and use cases. · Low band (below 1 GHz): works well for large-area coverage · Mid-band (1-6GHz): works well for urban deployment with increased capacity · High band (6-100GHz): millimeter wave (mm Wave) for multi-giga bit data rates, ultra-low latency, and much more capacity. As a result, no single band can meet every 5G requirement and fulfill the promises of 5G. In addition to the expanded range of licensed spectrum that 5G can utilize (if available), another unique feature of 5G is the ability to utilize both licensed and unlicensed spectrum, as well as shared spectrum. As with many other features in 5G, the foundational work for shared spectrum use actually began with LTE and work that was done for licensed-assisted access (LAA), Wi-Fi link aggregation (LWA), and licensed shared access (LSA). While the more efficient and flexible use of existing spectrum utilizing these capabilities is important, making new spectrum available for 5G is also critical for future development. To that end, there are a number of initiatives globally that are looking at opening up spectrum in a variety of bands for 5G use. This includes activities by the European Commission for the European Union (EU), the Asia Pacific Telecommunity for the Asia Pacific (APAC) region and the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) in the United States. 5G Network Deployments The accelerated completion of Release 15 enabled the first 5G launches in 2019, a year ahead of previous expectations. According to the GSA Report, Evolution from LTE to 5G: Global Market Status (August 2019), as of 6 August, 39 operators had launched 3GPP 5G service. Based on HIS Markit’s assessment during the first half of 2019 (5G Technology and Market Development Report, September 2019), there are three types of fundamentally different 5G launches: · Large scale: massive numbers (over 10,000) of 5G NR/gNBs (China and South Korea); · Small scale: tactical rollouts of pockets (100s) of 5G NR/gNBs (Australia, UK, Saudi Arabia, Switzerland, UAE, and the US); · Laggards: places where 4G LTE is underdeveloped, such as Antel Uruguay, Claro Chile, Claro Colombia, and Personal Argentina, which are deploying 5G and may be leapfrogging full-blown 4G services. As of September 2019, all commercial 5G networks were based on 5G NSA NR. HIS MArkit’s July 2019 published survey (Evolution from 4G to 5g Service Provider Survey), based on interviews in May and June 2019 found that 78% of 18 service providers, accounting for half of the world’s telecom capex and revenue, had launched 5G NSA NR, and 83% were planning to, by the end of 2019. Furthermore, based on the same survey, 33% of the 18 were planning to launch 5G SA NR in 2020. An analysis of 37 commercial 5G launches (source: HIS Markit 5G Technology Market Development Report, September 2019) found that 11 of these were fixed wireless access (FWA) only, 18 eMBB only, and 8 both FWA and eMBB. The GSA’s 5G Devices Ecosystem Report from September 2019 report cited 129 announced 5G devices across 15 form factors, including 41 smartphones (of which 16 were commercially available ), 9 hotspots (of which at least 5 were commercially available). The rapid development of a broad ecosystem of smartphones and other devices contrasts with the early experience with 4G LTE, when the first commercial devices available were USB dongles. IHS MArkit’s Evolution from 4G to 5G Service Provider Survey – 2019found that most existing 5G NR commercial deployments and service launches and those planned for the rest of 2019 will use mid-band spectrum (3-6 GHZ), particularly 3.5 GHz and 4.5 GHz. This is the most widely used spectrum inAsia Pacific and EMEA. 6-39 GHZ spectrum, which includes the mmWave bands of 28GHz and 39 GHz, is the next widely used spectrum (e.g. deployments from AT&T and Verizon in the US). Sub-1GHZ and 1-3 GHZ represent the least commonly utilized spectrum. As of writing, China’s telecoms operators are deploying extensive 5G networks using mid-band spectrum; however; they have yet to launch commercial 5G services. 5G Applications, Content and Services The increased bandwidth and latency capabilities of eMBB 5G will enable the development of new applications and services, such as for multi-player gaming and augmented reality (AR) applications that could not be supported by previous cellular technologies. Interoperability between operating systems and app stores will help propel the introduction of hosting access to compelling applications, content and services. 5G Industry-specific Factors Impacting Adoption In addition to the key dependencies above that impact all industries, there are also certain factors that will have industry-specific impacts on adoption of 5G. These include: · Certification: In industries such as medical (human health and social work) and energy (utilities), device vendors must adhere to rigorous safety and environmental rules. Devices may require to be tested and certified to meet these rules. Increasingly, security issues are being considered and factored into certification processes, as breaches of devices could have serious implications such as taking remote control of a medical device or disrupting power supply to critical infrastructure. · Integration with other protocols and standards: The industrial automation space (manufacturing) represents a fragmented landscape of legacy and new technology protocols and standards. Some leading industry bodies such as PI and OPC UA have included or are considering the inclusion of 5G into the roadmaps for their technologies. The pace of this development work will shape the readiness of manufacturing to adopt 5G. · Skill Sets and Business-model outfit: Wireless (cellular is particular) plays a limited role in the manufacturing space. Concerns over coverage/reliability and questions over the security of public cellular networks are two common inhibitors. Because most industrial automation connectivity is based on private wired technologies, manufacturers often lack the in-house skill sets to manage cellular-enabled machines and devices. The preference for private wired over public cellular connectivity also means that manufacturers are not accustomed to an opex (i.e. monthly fees for connectivity) business model. Shifting from a capex-centric to an opex-centric business model would require a fundamental change in how companies in the manufacturing space operate. 5G Adoption by Industry 5G technology will allow mobile to move beyond consumer and enterprise use into industry, thereby allowing humans to interact with the physical world like never before. As previously discussed, the technical specifications and capabilities of 5G are significantly different from the generation that came before. There are multiple classes of radios that can be used in a wide range of end devices to accomplish diverse sets of tasks. The standard has the potential to utilize not only licensed and unlicensed spectrum, but also shared spectrum, as well as operating on private and public networks. This incredible flexibility means tha 5G will be able to address an unprecedented number of industrial use cases. For mobile ecosystem players to penetrate these markets successfully, it will be critical to develop a deep understanding of the different industries and use cases they are trying to address. Many of these markets will have life cycles that will span 10 years or more. Others may have network requirements and necessitate either a private network, or a guaranteed slice of the network, and service assurance. This diversity of use cases and device types is one of the key factors in the economic impact assessment and why there is more rapid uptake in some markets than others. Mobile ecosystem players that understand the full potential of 5G and all the different enhancements, and that develop a strong understanding of the target vertical applications they are going after, are more likely to succeed and establish an important foothold in the market. IMPLICATIONS OF 5G TECHNOLOGY FOR KEY INDUSTRIES Transportation and logistics, manufacturing, utilities and agriculture are among the industries most likely to be impacted by 5G technology adoption. In the future, these industries will benefit from some or all of the capabilities of eMBB, MIoT, and MCS, including very high levels of availability, deep coverage, very high bandwidth and very low latency, reduced network energy usage, 10-year battery life for low power IoT devices, and increased cell density-the ability to connect I million nodes per square kilometer. These capabilities will gradually become available as new standards (3GPP Release 16, 17 and beyond) are released, networks deployed, and devices become available. Among the leading benefits enabled by 5G (alongside other capabilities and technologies, such as analytics and AI), will be increased operational efficiencies, more flexible production techniques, improved customer experience, and new revenue opportunities. Transportation and Storage is a broad industry, ranging from commercial freight carriage, public transport and the rental of transport equipment. Among the top priorities for both commercial freight carriers and retailers with their own fleets are the management of costs and maximizing levels of reliability: getting goods from A to B on time and in the right condition. These users have already embedded cellular and other forms of connectivity in their vehicles to comply with regulation (e.g. on driver hours), provide infotainment services to drivers, monitor driver behavior, engine performance and the condition of goods in transit. 5G enhancements are able to address these requirements and further drive cost benefits and higher levels of reliability through the transition to autonomous. Both leading freight carriers and large online and physical retailers are engaged in extensive autonomous (electric) vehicles which if successful and allowed by regulation could lead to large scale deployments in the longer term and the transformation of the transportation industry. Reliable, resilient 5G connectivity could also transform the public transportation industry by enhancing the online experience for passengers and providing improved monitoring of on-board electrical and mechanical systems and visibility into external risks (such as obstacles on a train line ) that could result in disruption or damage. For transport equipment rental companies, 5G will enable a shift to autonomous and a transition to ‘as-a-service’ business models based on usage or consumption rather than traditional day/week-based charging. Manufacturing will be affected by 5G in several ways. First, it will benefit from the need to mass produce 5G components, infrastructure, and devices. Second, 5G connectivity for inherently mobile or moving devices such as automated guided vehicles (AGV), handheld devices and robotic arms can improve monitoring and operation including, collaboration between devices. 5G can also enable more flexible production techniques, more rapid time to market with new products, and greater product customization. Although there will be potential for 5G wireless retrofitting to enable applications such as real-time closed-loop communications and hands-free remote monitoring and control, the dominance of wired technologies on the factory floor and lengthy fixed equipment replacement cycles means this benefit will evolve over the long term, utilizing the eMBB and MCS capabilities of 5G. Third, the integration of 5G connectivity into manufactured products, such as white goods, will enable OEMs to directly offer customers (and monetize) after-sale services such as remote monitoring and maintenance. As of writing, there is increased interest among factories for private LTE and 5G: networks that facilities can build and operate themselves. Mainly originating in Germany, thanks to the country’s Industry 4.0 initiatives, the concept is gaining attention in other markets with spectrum regulations offering deterministic spectrum allocations for campus area networks. In contrast to Wi-Fi, private LTE and 5G demand spectrum certainty for maximum performance and high tool density, an assurance provided by licensed spectrum. The United States ‘ initial commercial deployment (ICD) of CBRS spectrum paves the way for factories in the US to embrace the concept while France’s ARCEP agency has allocated a band of 2.6 GHZ LTE spectrum for industrial deployments. IHS Markit believes more countries will move to offer a licensed industrial spectrum option. Or those countries that do not, we expect local mobile network operators (MNO) to create focused service offers aimed at providing virtualized private network environments over a dedicated spectrum band supplied by the local MNO. For 5G, this concept will be a realization of the Network Slicing concept promised in advanced versions of the 5G network technology. Support for private LTE and 5G allows factories to limit opex spend (i.e., connectivity fees payable to operators), geofence sensitive data, and scale up their networks based on their requirements. Initial LTE and 5G private deployments in factories emerged in proof-of-concept factories operated by mobile telecom equipment suppliers such as Nokia, Ericsson, and Samsung. In June 2019, German automaker Daimler announced its plan for the world’s first 5G mobile network for automobile production. Deployed in partnership with Telefonica Deutschland and Ericsson, the Mercedes-Benz ‘Factory 56’ is intended to provide direct experience with emerging private LTE and 5G capabilities, Daimler plans to leverage the learnings gained by the project into plans for future plant evolution. Utilities can benefit from the MIoT and MCS capabilities of 5G for smart metering and smart grid automation. Currently, smart metering deployments are enabled by a range of different cellular , mesh, and wired technologies. 5G’s ability to support private networks, use licensed and unlicensed spectrum, and radio hopping/mesh renders it a flexible, multi-purpose technology for both greenfield and replacement deployments. Alongside the general economies of scale, the deep coverage and low power characteristics of 5G will enable utilities to benefit from automated meter reading (reducing the need for manual readings or inspector visits), more accurate customer billing, and fraud prevention. There is an ongoing trend for renewable energy, such as solar or wind, to be integrated onto the grid; however, the fragmented and irregular nature of this supply makes integration complex. 5G alongside analytics that can identify the optimal time for different sources of energy to come on to the grid (i.e., managing supply and demand), can enable automated real-time grid switching. Agriculture will benefit from 5G in several ways. 5G sensors equipped with long battery life and the ability to connect remote locations can monitor many types of equipment and conditions such as tank levels, soil moisture, and chemical content. This can then reduce tuck roll expense related to replenishment and can optimize schedules for watering and the application of fertilizer. Similarly, tracking devices attached to livestock can geofence their location (reducing the likelihood of loss) and monitor their movement and vital signs, which can help in the early identification of illness that if unrecognized would otherwise have a negative impact on farm output. The eMBB and MCS capabilities of 5G can also be leveraged by agriculture, notably through the remote operation of drones (with embedded cameras and sensors) to monitor crops and herds in real time and the monitoring and control of driver-operated and autonomous agricultural vehicles. THE ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION OF 5G As discussed in the ‘5G technology and use cases’ section, the early years of the 5G economy will be characterized by efforts to constantly strengthen the infrastructure and technology base followed by an ever deepening global deployment of the 5G use cases. Increasingly, businesses around the world will leverage 5G technologies to grow sales through increased efficiency, engage existing and new customers, and continually evolve their business models. Early deployments will be skewed toward eMBB applications; MIoT and MCS applications will gain traction in the medium to long-term as 5G drives mobile technology deeper into industrial and municipal applications. By 2035, the entire range of 5G use cases will be fully ramped up and organizations will have evolved their business models to take full advantage of 5G. Experts at HIS Markit projected forward to 2035 and looked at the economic conditions of 5G through three lenses. The first lens viewed the level of sales enabled by 5G, above and beyond what would be possible with the current trajectory of 4G. HIS Markit considered how 5G would enhance sales activity in 16 major industry sectors, based on the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities, Revision 4 system (ISIC). Developed by the United Nations ISIC provides standardized reporting of economic indicators regardless of country (definitions of the ISIC industries are provided in Appendix B). The Comparative Industry Service, a proprietary product of IHS Markit, which is consistent with ISIC, was leveraged to integrate additional economic information, as needed, to enhance the analysis. The second lens focused on how the combination of investment in 5G infrastructure plus R&D will foster the emergence of a value chain that continually deepens the 5G technology base. HIS Markit used industry-standard input-output economic modeling techniques to conduct this assessment. These models were built using data from the European Commission funded World Input-Output Database (WIOD) program. The 5G infrastructure and R&D investment could generate economic value beyond the 5G value chain. Therefore, the third lens used HIS Mark it’s proprietary Global Link Model (GLM) to assess the macroeconomic impact of these investments on global GDP. The methodologies used for the three assessments build upon those used in the original 2017 study, which HIS Markit developed in partnership with Dr. David Teece, Chairman and Principal Executive Officer of the Berkeley Research Group and the Thomas W. Tusher Professor in Global Business at the Haas Business School at the University of California Berkeley, and Kalian Dasgupta, Principal at the Berkeley Research Group. The reader is referred to Appendix C for a discussion of the modeling technologies. IHS Markit’s outlook for the global economy has changed since the 2017 study was published, which leads to subtle changes to our projected impacts of 5G. Perhaps most notable is a lower growth rate for the global economy due, in large part to a slowdown in China’s growth rate. Paradoxically, the country is also expected to increase its share of global manufacturing output, a sector where 5Gwill have a significant impact. A brief discussion of the drivers behind the differences in economic contributions from the 2017 study is presented in Appendix D. Global Output: The $13.2 Trillion Global Opportunity 5G deployments will positively affect virtually every industry sector. Indeed, adoption and integration across many industry sectors will solidify the role of 5G in transforming mobile technology into a GPT. Industries have differing economic and regulatory structures that will affect the timing and adoption of the new business models that 5G will enable, which is why HIS MArkit focused on a longer time horizon and chose 2035 as the analysis year. Assuming the standards process, regulatory environment, and industry adoption proceed as discussed earlier in this report, HIS Markit estimates that potential global sales activity across multiple industry sectors enabled by 5G could reach $13.2 trillion in 2035. This represents 5.0% of all global real output in 2035. A word of caution is warranted concerning the sales enablement metric. Specifically the sales enablement metric is not a direct measure of contribution to global GDP and should not be interpreted as such. Rather, sales enablement is a measure of global sales activity that 5G will enable across the 16th ISIC industry sectors. This includes both intermediate purchases required to make and deliver goods and services plus sales to end users (i.e., final demand). Intermediate purchases include for example, when a car manufacturer buys components (tires, batteries etc) needed to build a vehicle from suppliers. The car is assembled, sold To a dealership (another intermediate purchase), and eventually sold to a consumer (final demand). The sales enablement metric captures the sales transactions that occur at every point of the journey from initial assembly to the consumer driving the car off the showroom floor. GDP, on the other hand, measures the value of final demand for goods and services within an economy.In our example, only the final purchase by the consumer would be included in a GDP calculation. Thus, relative to GDP, the sales enablement metric will be significantly larger. The following infographic presents the consolidated findings by industry, ranked from highest impact (manufacturing) the lowest impact (arts and entertainment). Manufacturing will garner almost $4.7 trillion, or 36%, of the $13.2 trillion in sales enablement. This might appear high until one considers that implementing any of the 5G use cases will stimulate, at a minimum, complementary spending on equipment, all of which will be produced by the manufacturing sector. For example drones will enable sales within the transportation sector; however, this will require the transportation sector to buy additional drones from the manufacturing sector. Muse cases will require complementary spending on 5G-ready equipment from the manufacturing sector, which will see the second largest share of 5G-enabled economic activity, at almost $1.6 trillion. Implementing any of the 5G use cases will require spending on communication and content services. A detailed look at specific use cases driving industry adoption of 5G is provided in the next section. TABLE 1 - 5G WILL ENABLE $1.2 TRILLION OF GLOBAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN 2035 page 17 While 5G could enable about 5.% of global real output in 2035, the 5G-enabled sales percentage by industry will vary from a high of 10.7% in the information and communications sector to a low 2.2% in the hospitality sector. The sheer size of the manufacturing sector , which will account for over 31% of global real output in 2035, along with the fact that much of the 5G-enabled manufacturing sales will be secondary (i.e equipment sales in support of use case)will lead to a percentage (5.4%) that is slightly below the overall average. Perhaps more notable is the fact that 5G could enable 6.3%of public service (government) and 5.3% of agricultural output in 2035, driven by smart city and smart agriculture deployments, respectively. To put these findings in a broader context, one must also consider the secondary linkages across multiple industries for a given use case. For example, the availability of autonomous vehicles and drones will do more than stimulate sales of driverless cars and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to consumers. They will also be deployed in agricultural and mining applications ranging from surveillance of natural resources to autonomous transport of ores to self-driving tractors. They will be widely used in the transportation sector for driverless transport and delivery of commercial and consumer goods. Municipalities will integrate autonomous vehicles into their transit systems while using drones for monitoring functions. In manufacturing, autonomous vehicles will also be used in intra-plant stocking and retrieval systems. Finally, autonomous vehicles will also positively affect the insurance industry as vehicle accident rates decrease. Use Cases Driving 5G Adoption and Industry Output Each industry will identify different use cases and benefits of 5G technology. The most near-term use cases for each industry are discussed below, presented in order of those industries that will have the greatest sales enabled by 5G. Manufacturing: Adoption will benefit in the short-to-medium term from enhanced indoor wireless broadband coverage. Other early use cases include asset tracking (visibility over incoming and outgoing components and goods in the supply chain) and industrial automation, such as connectivity from moving assets such as AGVs. Information and communication: This industry includes telecommunications, broadcasting, and video. THe provision of enhanced outdoor wireless broadband (particularly smartphone) connectivity is the main early use case. Wholesale and retail: Enhanced indoor wireless broadband coverage (enabling consumers to access product information, offers, and store maps) via their smartphones is a key early use case. Out-of-store tracking of vehicles and condition monitoring of perishables in transmit will also leverage eMBB/MIoT capabilities. Public Service: This segment includes government activity, including smart cities development and defense. Energy/Utilities (e.g. smart metering) is a key early use case for smart cities, enabling not only more accurate customer billing but also more insight into consumption at different times of the day and year. This can be a useful tool for governments and suppliers to predict future demand and manage supply, including the integration of non-traditional forms of energy on the grid. Construction: The remote monitoring and control of both driver-operated and autonomous construction vehicles will be an early use case. Transportation and storage: This includes land, water and air transport, transport via pipelines, and warehousing and support activities for transportation. In the short-to-medium term, asset tracking (including fleet management) and drones will drive 5G adoption in this industry. Financial and insurance: Early use cases will include enterprise teamwork/collaboration and training/education. 5G’s role in monitoring remote patient conditions will be among the earliest use cases investigated by health insurance companies. Professional services: Enterprise teamwork/collaboration and extending mobile computing (remote access to cloud-based information and applications) will be among the earliest 5G use cases. Health and social work: The dispersed, mobile nature of the healthcare and social work force will drive enterprise teamwork/collaboration as an early use case. Medical applications such as remote patient monitoring and treatment guidance from hospital-based clinicians to field workers (nurses, paramedics) will be early use cases. Agriculture, forestry and fishing: In the short-to-medium term, asset tracking (including fleet management) and drones will drive 5G adoption in this industry. Livestock and soil monitoring (MIoT) will be an early use case. The increasing integration of 4G LTE into agricultural vehicles provides an upgrade opportunity for eMBB-based 5G. Real estate activities: Hosting 5G cell infrastructure represents a near term use case for real estate. Mining and quarrying: The remote monitoring of high-value mining equipment to drive efficient usage and prevent outage will be the key early use case. Utilities: Early use cases will include smart metering (electricity, gas, and water) and monitoring of power and sewer infrastructure. Education: Key early use cases will include enterprise teamwork/collaboration and training/education as well as AR, particularly in research-intensive scientific disciplines. Hospitality: As with arts and entertainment, enhancing the customer experience (through enhanced indoor wireless broadband coverage) will be a short-term driver. Arts and entertainment: Enabling a better audience experience through reliable connectivity and the ability to share live video is driving stadium owners’ interest in eMBB 5G. The 5G Value Chain in 2035: $3.6 Trillion in Output and 22.3 Million Jobs Achieving the sales enablement potential of 5G will require ongoing investments by firms in the 5G value chain to continually improve and strengthen the foundational technology base. The 5G value chain will encompass a broad spectrum of technology firms, including but not limited to: Network operators Providers of core technologies and components OEM device manufacturers Infrastructure equipment manufacturers Content and application developers IHS Markit modeled the economic activity of the 5G value chain for seven countries that are expected to be at the forefront of 5G development: the United States, China, Japan, Germany, South Korea, the United Kingdom and France. From 2020 to 2035, IHS Markit anticipates the collective investment in R&D and capex by firms that are part of the 5G value chain within these countries will average over $235 billion annually. In the early years, foundational R&D and network infrastructure deployments will dominate 5G investment activities. Subsequently, IHS Markit expects the overall investment in R&D and capex to slowly taper. During this period, the focus of investments will shift from primarily infrastructure towards development of applications and services that exploit the unique capabilities of 5G. The sustained investment cycle is another indicator that 5G is a ‘long game’ that will see investment priorities shift as infrastructure is deployed , the underlying technology base is continually strengthened, new business models come online, and replacement cycles for many of the use cases are lengthened. The United States and China are expected to dominate 5G R&D and capex, investing a total of $1.3 trillion and $1.2 trillion, respectively, over the 16-year time horizon of this study. IHS Markit estimates that the United States will account for about 26.7% of global 5G investment, closely followed by China at 25.5%. While not a primary focus of this study, spending beyond the seven core countries will make up about 21% of the global 5G investments. Additional details on the methodology are provided in Appendix C. DIAGRAM 2 - SHARE OF 5G VALUE CHAIN R&D AND CAPEX BY COUNTRY AVERAGE, 2020-2035 page 18 Average Annual Share of Value Chain R&D and Capex Country, 2020-35 Ultimately, the investments in R&D and capex will facilitate bringing the 5G use cases online. This will enable sales across virtually all industry sectors while also driving sales throughout the 5G value chain and its associated networks. IHS Markit estimates that, by 2035 the 5G value chain alone will drive $3.6 trillion of economic output and support 22.3 million jobs. Not surprisingly, given the relative size of the population and the investments made, 5G will support the highest number of jobs in China. The analysis also indicates how investments made by these seven countries will affect the rest of the world. Many developing and emerging economies are already leapfrogging older technology and becoming more mobile oriented, and 5G will have significant economic impact on these mobile-enabled economies. Value chain economic activity stimulated in the rest of the world is slightly less than that of the United States (the biggest investor in 5G). DIAGRAM 3 - GLOBAL 5G VALUE CHAIN OUTPUT AND EMPLOYMENT IN 2035 page 19 Sustainable Global Economic Growth Another measure of the economic contribution of 5G will make to the global economy is an assessment of its net effect on global GDP. The sales enablement and value chain activity, while extremely large and positive, may have offsetting effects because of investments and spending that otherwise might have occurred in other sectors of the global economy that could have stimulated growth and positive productivity effects. If a net positive contribution is made to global GDP, then 5G can be considered a source of global expansion and growth. IHS Markit used its proprietary Global Link Model (GLM), a system that captures the interconnected nature of the global economy, with two primary sets of inputs. The first was the annual investments (capex and R&D) made by the 5G value chain within each of the seven countries that were the primary focus of the IHS Markit research for the 2020-35 period. This captures the effects of strengthening the country-level economy by making investments (determined as part of the sales enablement analysis). This captures the economic knock-on effects attributable to companies increasing their efficiency and launching new business models enabled by 5G technology. For the 2020-35 period, IHS markit forecasts global real GDP will grow at an average annual rate 2.5%, of which 5G will contribute almost 0.2% of that growth. From 2020 to 2035, the annual GDP contributions of 5G will total almost $2.7 trillion . While this figure is in real (inflation-adjusted) dollars, a simple sum does not factor in potential global risk. Therefore, IHS Markit took the net present value of GDP contributions, discounted at a modest 3% rate, to derive a risk adjusted value of $2.1 trillion. To put that in perspective, from 2020 to 2035, the total contribution of 5G to real global GDP growth will be equivalent to the current GDP of Italy-the eight largest economy in the world. Based on this assessment, IHS Markit concludes 5G will be a source of positive global economic expansion and growth. DIAGRAM 4 - ANNUAL NET CONTRIBUTION OF 5G TO GLOBAL GROWTH CONCLUSION Based on the analysis of the technical contributions, IHS Markit translated the development and deployment of 5G technology into economic inputs. IHS Markit used these inputs to assess the economic impact through three different lenses (at the micro and macro levels). The models revealed that 5G technology would contribute very large and sustainable economic benefits across all sectors of the global economy. Like prior generations of mobile technologies, 5G will have profound effects on how people live , work and interact, but 5G will transcend the communications field and help fundamentally alter how a vast and diverse group of industries operate. IHS Markit, therefore, views 5G as a catalyst that will thrust mobile technology into the exclusive realm of GPTs. By 2035, mobile applications will experience pervasive adoption across multiple industries, initiating transformative changes that will redefine work processes and spur innovations that rewrite the rules of competitive economic advantage. These innovations will have extraordinary effects on human and machine productivity, and ultimately may help elevate living standards for people around the world. IHS Markit evaluated the potential of 21 unique 5G use cases that will drive productivity improvements and enhance economic activity across a broad range of industry sectors. Further, IHS Markit assessed the central role the 5G value chain will play in continually strengthening and expanding the current mobile technology platform. Finally, IHS Markit determined that, in large part because of 5G, use of mobile technology will lead to sustainable economic growth on a global basis. The 5G economy will introduce a new level of complexity to policy making and regulations new business models emerge and the old ways of delivering goods and services are either dramatically altered or abandoned completely. Areas where policy and regulatory modernization will be required for a 5G-ready world include public safety; cybersecurity; privacy; public infrastructure; healthcare; spectrum licensing and permitting; and education, training and development. THe challenge for policymakers in the 5G economy is that they must be prepared to address the ubiquity of 5G in everyday life without creating regimes that stunt continued innovation. The policy frameworks that safeguard the ability of firms to take risks, make investments, and continue the relentless pursuit of innovation are the important vehicles for continuing on the path to the 5G economy. In conclusion, the emergence of 5G signals a tipping point in the evolution of mobile from a mostly personal technology dominated phenomenon to a platform that enables new classes of advanced applications, fosters business innovation, and spurs economic growth. IHS Markit concludes that, by 2035, 5G has the potential to stimulate $13.2 trillion in global sales activity across a broad spectrum of industries and use cases. This is an increase of $900 billion as compared to the 2017 edition of this same report, due in a large part to the early completion of the first 5G standard and the resulting earlier-than-anticipated commercial 5G network launches by major operators. THe 2019 edition of this study further identified that 5G technology will support a global value chain ecosystem that generates $3.6 trillion in output and supports 22.3 million jobs in 2035, leading to long-term sustainable contributions to the growth of global GDP. RECOMMENDATIONS At present the technology is still in the embryonic stage, most of the information are projections. However, to date all the projections in the past have been surpassed in reality. Africa and the Caribbean are at the stage where they can decide their own destiny; in terms of the rollout of this technology. One of the major things to safeguard themselves against is the major economies dumping old outdated technology on them. To date they are not even at the table but going forward they will be able to control the pace of their development once they educate themselves. Most of the countries in Africa need a serious health care system. At this time they can use best practices in order to develop this sector. Let me attach the conclusion to a study done by Berkeley University specifically related to the Health Sector. Next month I will include the conclusion on Autonomous Vehicles. The information related to the Appendices can be found in the original report. African Scientists need to get on the ball. Businesses need to start researching the area. To date the only country in Africa with 5G is the Republic of South Africa. Hence, the impact by the Canadian Virus. You can research the human interface feature of 5G. CONCLUSION TO BERKELEY REPORT ON HEALTH CARE DRIVEN BY 5G Concluding Remarks 45. The advent of 5G technology represents an important augmentation of the role of mobile technology in the wider economy. Mobile technology will go from a significant enabling technology to one that is pervasive and transformative in many uses across the economy, i.e., a “general purpose technology.” The health care sector provides an excellent illustration of this transition. The reliability and ubiquity of 5G networks, combined with the role of such networks in facilitating “computing at the edge”, will directly enable the personalization of healthcare. The personalization of health care means “more prevention” and “more precision”, improving patients’ quality of life, improving health outcomes and reducing costs to the health care system. 5G will enable substantial advances in health informatics and thus fuel both new business opportunities and significantly facilitate a perhaps-needed transition to “outcome-based” health care. 46. However, public policy has an important role to play in unleashing the full potential of 5G technology. With standardization, and the desire to make wireless technology widely available, licensing is the main mechanism, or business model, by which the developers of wireless technology can be rewarded, absent government subsidies. This puts an onus on policy makers and the courts to make sure licensing enables technology to be both developed and adopted. Public policy towards INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY (IP) can impact—positively or negatively—the rate at, and extent to, which the 5G technology develops, by encouraging or retarding core innovation. Public policy in other areas—e.g., tax, regulation, privacy law—can also ensure that incentives to invest in technology development are robust and artificial barriers to effective adoption and use of 5G are minimized.’ COUNTRIES WITH 5G Australia Austria Belgium Bahrain Canada China Czech Republic Finland Germany Hong Kong Hungary Ireland Italy Japan Kuwait Maldives Monaco Netherlands New Zealand Norway Oman Philippines Poland Puerto Rico Qatar Romania Saudi Arabia South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Switzerland Thailand Trinidad and Tobago United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States of America Virgin Islands, U.S. CONTRACTS MADE WHILE I WAS ILLEGALLY LOCKED DOWN IN SWEDEN 5G news JUL 29, 2020 | News Ericsson delivers first U.S. manufactured 5G base station to Verizon JUL 28, 2020 | News Ericsson to supply millimeter wave equipment and services to U.S. Cellular JUL 10, 2020 | News Ericsson to deploy private mobile network at Paris Airports for Groupe ADP, Hub One and Air France JUL 07, 2020 | News Ericsson President and CEO, Börje Ekholm: Once 5G infrastructure is established, the killer app will emerge JUL 03, 2020 | News Ericsson powers Vodafone UK Standalone 5G network at Coventry University CONCLUSION We made it again people, through many trials and tribulations we survive a new month. Well you have the first section the technology is new go and be your awesome self. It is anybody’s game. I have never been analysed more than in these Blogs. Hundreds of people examined me and are examining me while I was completing this blog and the one for November. Plots and counterplots from so called respectable people. I am amazed I did not know the world had deteriorated to this level. Let us leave with one of my old time favourites. No weapon formed against me shall prosper Virgil Meares

Once again, this is me Raphleta Lillene’s baby girl coming to you from Milwaukee, Wisconsin. COMMON 5G TECHNOLOGY TERMS Asia Pacific Telecommunity for the Asia Pacific (APAC) Augmented Reality (AR) European Union (EU) Federal Communication Commission (FCC) Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) Gigabit Per second (Gbps) Global Link Model (GLM) Intellectual Property (IP) International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities, Revision 4 system (ISIC) Licensed-Assisted access (LAA) Licensed Shared Access (LSA) Long Term Evolution (LTE) Machine-to-machine (M2M) Millimetre Wave (mmWave) Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) Massive Internet of Things (MIoT) Mission Critical Services (MCS). Mobile Broadband (MBB) Non-Standalone (NSA) Standalone (SA) The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Virtual Reality (VR) Wi-Fi link aggregation (LWA) REFERENCES The 5G Economy - How 5G will Contribute to the Global Economy - IHS Markit 5G Mobile: Impact on the Health Care Sector - David J. Teece What is 5G Sascha Segan