5G TECHNOLOGY: THE NEW MANNA II

INTRODUCTION Original Link https://docs.google.com/document/d/15UqxPRK0KNmtTwS7FGuHCcDlar3JOD7oGDB7epvJVZ0/edit# Mon peuple, mon Peuple it is the best of times and the worst of times. Having passed through the USA and had some serious experiences I thought it could not get any worse. How wrong can one be? There is so much to write. I want to get it all on paper very quickly. I have to calm myself and deal with one theme at a time. However, let us deal with some housekeeping matters. I would suggest that all of you sell those large flat screen televisions which you have and buy a plane ticket and come and experience the United States of America which you are all pining after. I pick up where off in the October Blog You need to be patient with me people I am writing this blog and the previous September and October and my myriad of articles which i am walking around with and are tearing off my shoulders. I really did not know paper was so heavy. Then I have this study on the Book of Jeremiah. Thank God for the Prophet Jeremiah; he keeps me very sane and sober. That Blog is entitled The Book of Jeremiah - Life Lessons in Plans and Purposes. God was so direct with the Prophet Jeremiah that every time I am reading I have to laugh. I mean I have the letter of the law and all that rhetoric but I have to read the book to get the Spirit of the law. Well people, i seem to have left you over there in Dickson, Tennessee ooh la la la what a big bang! We have a lot of catching up to do because as we speak I am now in Independence Missouri at the QuikTrip Gas Station a little up the road is the YMCA Retreat site. I was actually in Kansas City, Missouri the night before with a whole bag of Nazis and Mafias circling around in their usual plot and counter plots. The Nazis and Mafias prevented me from going to the airport the previous night. The usual story with the Transit system. Well people I wrote some in Missouri I am now in Indianapolis, Indiana, at the airport it is 9:51 p.m. and to prevent myself from sleeping I need to complete this introduction or the Nazis and Mafias who are planning for me are going to have a field day. I got a ride with a gentleman from Greenup, Illinois directly to Indianapolis he was on his way to Wisconsin. I had made a jotting of all the things I wanted to say only to realize that the crooked Nazis and Mafias have gone through my notes and stolen the section on West Virginia and Kentucky. I knew they would want to hide this information. Let me get back to Tennessee over there in Dickson where I left you hanging. At 3 a.m. the Pilot ran me out saying I was sleeping. But of course that is not rocket science. It is the middle of the night and I have never had any probl;ems at any other Pilot at that hour. They were upset with me because they had people eating hamburgers with all sorts of gooey stuff at all hours of the early morning and ignored them all.I spent the night on the verandah of the shoe store across the road. They had some real good looking boots. I then refreshed myself at the Shell Gas Station with the Dunkin Donuts and then returned to my bombing spot but still no one stopped. I decided to walk up T46 with my Chariot of Fire (Walmart Shopping Cart) which I had gotten from the Walmart at Dickson. Then I got a ride from a gentleman who was a Pastor in the Church of Christ circle. His card was stolen out of my bag. He fed me and then left me along T100. I walked a little way on this winding hilly road having difficulties controlling my chariot. Anyway a little up the road while I was eating my salad one gentleman stopped. He did not seem too familiar with the road. Then the Pastor returned and said his conscience was bothering him for having left me along the way. He took me straight to German Town in Tennessee. He gave me the impression I was very near Mephis turns out that after sitting and refreshing myself with four hot dogs at Ikea. He bought me two and they were so small I bought two more. I even ate a pack of chips. The hot dogs were seventy five cents not the size of the ones for three Dollars in Canada. By the time I started walking and reached the Walmart which was about two miles. I kept seeing bus stops but no buses. I had walked two miles on inquiring with a gentleman he told me I was ten miles from Memphis. I decided to lie on some grass. The police came and said I could not do so. THen one of them offered me five dollars. I ignored him and went to lie by the light post. They stayed there until they left. Then I sat under the bus stop and rested my weary feet. I had done around five miles in total for the day. The next day I stayed by the Walmart hoping to see a bus. To no avail, I saw the disabled bus but people were under order not to share any information with me so i could not get anywhere with the driver. While at Walmart I decided to make some scientific observations. I was doing a study of the derriere of black people. Lord help my Holy ghost! I had to say to myself where did these people get these bottoms which shaped so funny? How did they get so gigantic? I saw one lady whose bottom looked like it had a cushion on it, shaped like a chair seat. The shapes and sizes of these people were out of this world. I had to say to myself these people are the descendants of slaves. Slaves from Africa were never this big and had those funny shapes. I concluded that most of them got this way from too much medication and overeating. I mean I saw a huge lady. She was overflowing in the Walmart Mechanical shopping cart and when she entered the store she went directly for the sweets section. I nearly told her to put it back and start looking after herself. Anyway before they threw me out of the store since no bus was coming from Memphis I decided to move out with my Walmart chariot of fire again. This time I got as far as the Centreville German Town and I saw a bus number 50 I think it was.I walked a couple of bus stops and then waited until the bus returned and took it into Memphis. I took another bus which took me to the Greyhound Station which was near the Airport. Unfortunately, I don't know how near or i would have walked it. I returned to the town and then did some exploring for the night. The next day I got the bus to the airport and was abandoned by the bus when I was ready to leave. I walked it to the bus stop and got on a bus. I was removed from the bus because I refused to go behind the first rows of seats. Yes people, criminality just finds the most foolish ways to annoy people. This was the straw that broke the camel’s back. I pulled out my placard and started protesting. All who were there and a part of the plot scattered and they had dirtied the compound with faeces they got the water truck and washed off the place immediately. I eventually got a bus to where I was going and realized it was the wrong bus. I was going around in circles. I walked right back to the city of Memphis. I just took a tour on the Trolley bus around the city and the streetcar down Main Street. Then I went by the riverfront. This is the mighty Mississippi River because I realized all that I needed to do was walk across the river to be in Arkansas from via Highway 55. I spent the night by the riverfront. The next day I did my devotion overlooking the river. Then the next morning I did another long walk (these things happen when you do not have a map) to the bridge. As I reached the bridge someone stopped for me. I am so sorry I took the ride because I was looking forward to walking across the bridge like I did the one in New York. From the conversation I realized the Nazis and Mafias might have told them that I might commit suicide because he told me about his friend’s father who committed suicide on the bridge. Suicide? Me suicide? Every step I take is motivated by the thought of ringing the necks of a couple criminals. Murder more like it, never suicide. I have just started to live. The young man dropped me at the Visitor’s Center in Arkansas which is in West Memphis. As Visitor’s Centers go this is one of the top class one. It was very pretty and well organized but as i entered i realized they were up to no god. Went to the washroom and had someone knocking me up after fifteen minutes. This has never happened to me at a visitor’s centre before no one monitors you in the bathroom. Asked the lady for a number of materials she had none. Then the Caucasian left and a black lady came out along with the black Sanitary Technician who knocked me up in the bathroom. I decided to leave the building immediately. I went and lay on the grass under a tre to read all the literature I had only to be visited by the police who advised that they did not want me on the property and was asking me to leave. I protested to no avail. The police were giving me a ride to a Park nearby where they had their set piece as per usual when on the way I saw a Walmart and asked him to leave me there instead. I did some shopping and stayed by the Walmart and made my salad and refreshed myself. Then I moved off with my Walmart Chariot of Fire. I didn't even stop by the park which the police were taking me to because I realized it was the usual deception taking place. I rested at a truck place across the road. The grass was extremely green and comfortable. The Chariot of Fire carried me to Forrest City around forty miles from west Memphis. All along Highway 70. Outside of Maddison, people literally tried to knock me off the road because they were telling me I could not walk so far. Of course I do what I always did IGNORE THEM and kept on saying like Confucius the journey of a thousand miles begins with the first step. Near to Lehi the gas station two foolish black people stopped to give me a ride. The lady was puffing away at her cigarettes. I just politely declined advising them it was just a couple of miles and I could walk that. Seems they live in the community behind the gas station. Then the next night I stopped at a little shop at Junction 70/129. The store owner carried his weapon on his side. I asked him if it was real. He said Yes! It was at the beginning of st. Francis County. The next morning I stopped at Shell Lake at a gas station, got some snacks and did my devotion in the grass close to the side of the store. In Maddison I stopped at the Baptist Church under the canopy at about 2 a.m. When I reached Forrest City and stopped at a gas station in the town. They decided they were going to steal my six cents. I bought a pack of soup and had to return it because they would not give me any hot water. Then I insisted I wanted my money and they called the police to have me ejected. I went outside and camped and unfurled my placard. They ended up offering me a hotel room etc. I refused their offer and went looking for the library. Of course the Caucasian police officer gave me directions to the Cemetery. I eventually found the library and then moved on with my Walmart Chariot of fire to the Walmart Store on Washington boulevard. There was a serious thunder storm that night. I spent the night under the gazebo by the bank praying. In the morning I got some food from Walmart then went to the library to book my passage out of there. I asked to use the restroom and the ladies put me in the room used by the Janitor. The computer was another scenario where they had plastic over the keys. I had difficulty using it this way. The lady said it was either this way or gloves. I tried the gloves, it was even worse. I just booked my Greyhound ticket and left. They overcharged me for the printing. I tell you some people act like bile and are very bitter. Ooh la la Little Rock Arkansas they were waiting for me Lord help my Holy Ghost! The bus service most of the buses were not running especially the one to the airport. Then no ends of skulduggery with the bus passes. The evening I was leaving my pass was prematurely cancelled. I had to pay another fare. I tried walking out of the city but ended up going in a circle and that night the black people sent a little fool to come and challenge me and tell me that he would damage me. He advised that he had been to prison and that he had a head problem. One night I suspected that they wanted to abandon me again so I took another bus to the city. It was number 18 McClymont. It certainly changed my outlook at one stage. I wondered if I was in one of the less developed areas in Jamaica. Hardly any road, the light bulbs on poles like sticks. The driver wanted to stop in a dark place to take a break. I advised him not to. It was too dark at that particular spot. Then at the library they gave me one hour per day on the computer. The second day they decided they were going to get up to some tricks. I just got up from the computer and advised the Computer Operator I do not have any time to waste. If they were going to play games they should kick me off the computer but do not waste my time. Then they brought out this little young miss who was a Security Guard with a shaved head and dressed like a boy. I told her that tomorrow I would give her a tract. The second day I did not have enough time so I took her email address. On my way out I ended up at the Pulaski Library. I sent her the email from there and printed some tracts. I had confronted the Church of Christ Pastor on the subject. I said with the number of churches you people have in America I am at a loss as to the gains these people have made in society. It would seem to me that you have all been dumb down and are a fraid to confront the issue. Is it because it will affect the collection plate? People America is not short of churches every community no matter how remote has a number of churches. They are not massive churches, they are small community churches. One of my regrets is the fact that I was not writing down the names of churches and banks. I wonder who said the American banking system would have crashed with the debacle that took place in 2008. It would not have. The invisible hand was adjusting the system by getting rid of greed and inefficient institutions feeding off people’s ignorance. There are all these small banks which are insured by the FDIC the system would not have crashed. Then I read what happened to the footballer in Jamaica and made the connections. On the night before I left I went to the Greyhound Station thinking they would be opened. They were closed but they had two people there to watch out for me. I said okay what do you do when you do not want to sleep and the night is cold? You pray! I started by the first half an hour the people who were hiding in the dark started to talk to reveal themselves by the time I prayed about the fact that the blackpeople have not been paid for slavery they were talking louder by the I got down on my knees and started crying to God about the rampant stealing of the resources of the black people and about the fact that the wanton stealing of the resources of black people has got to stop. They decided that it was time to leave II Samuel 22 verse 46 and Psalm 18 verse 45. Then other people started coming and eventually I had to stop praying, too much distraction. I also had a feeling that because I did not have a ticket they were planning to leave me. I had an e-ticket and I had no telephone. The girl came and opened up and printed my ticket etc and the bus also left late. Their way of getting back at me further was to drop me off in Van Buren instead of Fort Smith. I had to walk the seven miles from Van Buren to Fort Smith. I went to the library and they were prepared for me with the usual one hour. Keep her off the computer at all cost. I used it and then decided against going to Walmart. I was right because the bus system in Fort Smith comes to a halt at 5:30 p.m. I walked it cross the Arkansas River into Oklahoma. I walked into Moffet, Oklahoma then I got a ride to Roland. The latter was upset, seems everyone I met used to live in California. This gentleman used to live in california and had nothing good to say about the state of Oklahoma or the people. He told me most of the people were on speed and did not dress properly nor wash their vehicle. I had to ask him why he was still living in Oklahoma? Anyway after listening to him vent. We went our separate ways. I went to the stores in Roland and then to the Pilot Truck Stop where I stayed the night. I was even given free tea. And one gentleman bought me Burger King breakfast. Of course I had to decline his offer. I am off fatty food for a season. The next morning after inquiring about the bus system and finding out that I would have to backtrack to Fort Smith to take the Greyhound. I went to the Interstate to hitchhike and left after around fifteen minutes. Then one old gentleman picked me up. The seat in his van could not even stand up straight. We had a lively conversation on the way to Sallisaw. He left me by the Highway but I just decided that I would follow him to Walmart. I bought some food and sat on Walmart’s lawn and made my salad boneless chicken wings, tomatoes and cucumber. There were a lot of native Indians in this city. I fired up my chariot and moved out after taking a nap. While on the back roads I was stopped by a police officer. I really did not know what was happening but he kept spitting continuously. I nearly asked him if he was pregnant. Then another office came to join the party. His assignment was to bring confusion to the whole matter. An old couple passed and looked quite concerned at me. However, we assured them that everything was okay. Here is what they tried to do: mix up my new passport with the old one which was stolen. I had to stop them in their tracks and tell them that I came into Chicago O’Hare Airport with my new passport. I have not heard anything from them about the old one which has now been cancelled. Then I continued to tell them about my experience with Greyhound and the reason I just decided to walk. Then I told them I had sent one of my tracts about homosexuality to a young lady in Little Rock and that has added to my persecution. I was about to show them a copy of the tract but they declined and moved speedily. I laughed until I almost dropped. One of them had a black ring on his right ring finger. I was curious about what was happening here. I saw one of the gentlemen in Don Moen’s music video with the same type of ring on his finger. I eventually Googled it only to find out that that is a way of identifying that you are homosexual. Then after they left a lady police came and offered me a ride but I refused. She ended up giving me a flashlight which the Nazis and Mafias have now damaged. I am very grateful to her because it has really enlightened my path on those dark back streets. It is one of those expensive police flashlights.Iit is going to take an arm and a leg to replace, not the cheap one the Nazisa and Mafias destroyed for me which I bought at the dollar store. My intention was to walk from Sallisaw to Mukogee the mileage was longer than from West Memphis to Forrest City which was about forty miles. Anyway I had another old fellow give me a ride from the back road to Dare. This fellow was a smoker of Medical Marijuana. He had some accidents which left him in pain. When he dropped me in Dare I just gave him a blessing by praying for his back. I tell you people I am enjoying being a travelling Evangelist. I felt so good. I was looking forward to the next time. Then I had Robert pick me up as I was on the road in Dare and take me to Warner. It was a medium size town. It has a college. This time I was blessed. This gentleman was really very concerned about me. I appreciated that. He took me to the store and then to McDonald's. Of course the same people tried to analyze me while I was eating and then meditating. I really wonder why Caucasians like to disturb me so much. Everywhere I go once I settle down to have my own time. Here they come along with all the other lackey’s with all sorts of set pieces. It is still not my season to eat McDonald's. I was fed a lot of poison to my system by the Indians and Pakistanis in Canada and Sweden. I am still cleaning out my system. Eventually I just took my Chariot of Fire and left. Yes people, we have been travelling together everybody the Nazis and Mafias sent with a van because I refuse to leave my Chariot of Fire for any ten miles ride. I prayed for Robert in my quiet time that God would send him a nice wife who would care for him. While I was on my way out of Warner one couple drove me down and wanted me to turn back with them. I just advised my destination was Muskogee and it was ahead not behind. Waste of time, people! I walked all of that night. It was some eighteen miles from Warner to Muskogee. I had to take a rest at a church in one of the small villages. The Baptist church had a nice foyer. I thanked God for them. Then it was full speed ahead. I am very grateful the road had a very wide sidewalk, so danger was minimal. At one point the cows were moving all I said was whoever is there leave the cows alone. Cows do not move people, they just stand and give you a baleful stare. I also passed two little cute dogs, one in a jacket barking at me. I looked at the owner and laughed and he smiled and waved at me. I tell you the two little dogs were really motivated. That section of Oklahoma had a lot of real ranches people like those we saw on the TV series Dallas. I reached Muskogee in the middle of the morning at about 4 a.m. went to the gas station by the Highway and got myself a cup of tea. That is another challenge I had people, the custom in states like Arkansas and West Virginia people drink cold cups of tea and hot coffee. I had a serious problem getting tea bags. With my cup of tea and plate of hot water to lengthen the tea, I doubled back to Grandview Baptist Church and camped out in the early morning. Unfortunately, I stayed until the people came for church. They welcomed me in and I did my ablutions. I also did my laundry. I stayed for the service. They were warm. We will not spoil it with the negatives. I got a ride from one of the ladies to Tulsa but before taking me to Tulsa we did a tour of the Muskogee. It has potential but as with a lot of cities in America people are leaving because of the lack of infrastructure, no public transportation etc. For business to grow you need interaction not only on line but face to face. I will pick up next month with Tulsa. That has to be by itself for the most part. Let us complete the Blog on 5G. The mechanics of the technology. REFLECTIONS This 5G Technology promises to be really very revolutionary. We do not want to play catch up like we did with Cloud Technology so right from the outset let us familiarize ourselves with the jargon. At present most of the literature is predictive. Let us not be caught flat footed especially in the emerging economies. CRITICAL DEFINITIONS The definitions this month is going to be more extensive because of the technical nature of the matter. Most of you are walking around with a very powerful instrument in arm in the form of your cellular telephone and are not aware of the capabilities. That is why some person can use the same instrument and make applications where they earn millions and billions of dollars and all you use it for is social media and silly conversation. Yuh cook yet the pot fininh! Wey yuh sey? 5G - 5G is the fifth generation mobile network. It is a new global wireless standard after 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G networks. 5G enables a new kind of network that is designed to connect virtually everyone and everything together including machines, objects and devices. 5G wireless technology is meant to deliver higher multi-Gbps peak data speeds, ultra low latency, more reliability, massive network capacity, increased availability, and a more uniform user experience to more users. Higher performance and improved efficiency empower new user experiences and connects new industries. Invention of 5G - No one company or person owns 5G, but there are several companies within the mobile ecosystem that are contributing to bringing 5G to life. Qualcomm has played a major. The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), the industry organization that defines the global specifications for 3G UMTS (including HSPA), 4G LTE, and 5G technologies. Underlying Technologies of 5G - 5G is based on OFDM ( Orthogonal Frequency - Division Multiplexing) a method of modulating a digital signal across several different channels to reduce interference. 5G uses 5G NR air interface alongside OFDM principles. 5G also uses wider bandwidth technologies such as sub 6 GHz and millimetreWave (mmWave). Like 4G LTE, 5G OFDM operates based on the same mobile networking principles. However, the new 5G NR air interface can further enhance OFDM to deliver a much higher degree of flexibility and scalability. This could provide more 5G access to more people and things for a variety of different use cases. 5G will bring wider bandwidths by expanding the usage of spectrum resources, from sub-3GHz used in 4G to 100 GHz and beyond. 5G can operate in both lower bands (e.g., sub-6 GHz) as well as mmWave (e.g. 24 GHz and up) which will bring extreme capacity, multi-Gbps throughput, and low latency. 5G is designed to not only deliver faster, better mobile broadband services compared to 4G LTE, but can also expand into new service areas such as mission-critical communications and connecting the massive IoT. This is enabled by many new 5G NR air interface design techniques, such as a new self contained TDD The differences between the previous generations of mobile networks and 5G - The previous generations of mobile networks are 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G. First generation - 1G 1980s: 1G delivered analog voice. Second generation - 2G Early 1990s: 2G introduced digital voice (e.g. CDMA- Code Division Multiple Access). Third generation - 3G Early 2000s: 3G brought mobile data (e.g. CDMA2000). Fourth generation - 4G LTE 2010s: 4G LTE ushered in the era of mobile broadband. 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G all led to 5G, which is designed to provide more connectivity than was ever available before. 5G is a unified, more capable air interface. It has been designed with an extended capacity to enable next-generation user experiences, empower new deployment models and deliver new services. With high speeds, superior reliability and negligible latency, 5G will expand the mobile ecosystem into new realms. 5G will impact every industry, making safer transportation, remote healthcare, precision agriculture, digitized logistics — and more — a reality. Latency - (computing) the delay before a transfer of data begins following an instruction for its transfer. (How long it takes to transfer data) Nascent - just coming into existence and beginning to display signs of future potential. Ubiquity - the fact of appearing everywhere or of being very common Technology - the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry. Manna- a: food miraculously supplied to the Israelites in their journey through the wilderness b: divinely supplied spiritual nourishment c: a usually sudden and unexpected source of gratification, pleasure, or gain. 3GPP's 5G logo In telecommunications, 5G is the fifth generation technology standard for cellular networks, which cellular phone companies began deploying worldwide in 2019, the planned successor to the 4G networks which provide connectivity to most current cell phones. Like its predecessors, 5G networks are cellular networks, in which the service area is divided into small geographical areas called cells. All 5G wireless devices in a cell are connected to the Internet and telephone network by radio waves through a local antenna in the cell. The main advantage of the new networks is that they will have greater bandwidth, giving higher download speeds, eventually up to 10 gigabits per second (Gbit/s). Due to the increased bandwidth, it is expected that the new networks will not just serve cellphones like existing cellular networks, but also be used as general internet service providers for laptops and desktop computers, competing with existing ISPs such as cable internet, and also will make possible new applications in internet of things (IoT) and machine to machine reas. Current 4G cell phones will not be able to use the new networks, which will require new 5G enabled wireless devices. The increased speed is achieved partly by using higher-frequency radio waves than current cellular networks. However, higher-frequency radio waves have a shorter range than the frequencies used by previous cell phone towers, requiring smaller cells. So to ensure wide service, 5G networks operate on up to three frequency bands, low, medium, and high. A 5G network will be composed of networks of up to 3 different types of cells, each requiring different antennas, each type giving a different tradeoff of download speed vs. distance and service area. 5G cell phones and wireless devices will connect to the network through the highest speed antenna within range at their location: Low-band 5G uses a similar frequency range to current 4G cell phones, 600-700 MHz, giving download speeds a little higher than 4G: 30-250 megabits per second (Mbit/s). Low-band cell towers will have a range and coverage area similar to current 4G towers. Mid-band 5G uses microwaves of 2.5-3.7 GHz, currently allowing speeds of 100-900 Mbit/s, with each cell tower providing service up to several miles in radius. This level of service is the most widely deployed, and should be available in most metropolitan areas in 2020. Some countries are not implementing low-band, making this the minimum service level. High-band 5G currently uses frequencies of 25-39 GHz, near the bottom of the millimeter wave band, although higher frequencies may be used in the future. It often achieves download speeds of a gigabit per second (Gbit/s), comparable to cable internet. However, millimeter waves (mmWave or mmW) have a more limited range, requiring many small cells. They have trouble passing through some types of walls and windows (they do not have a glorified body). Due to their higher costs, current plans are to deploy these cells only in dense urban environments and areas where crowds of people congregate such as sports stadiums and convention centers. The above speeds are those achieved in actual tests in 2020, and speeds are expected to increase during rollout. The industry consortium setting standards for 5G is the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). It defines any system using 5G NR (5G New Radio) software as "5G", a definition that came into general use by late 2018. Minimum standards are set by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU). Previously, some reserved the term 5G for systems that deliver download speeds of 20 Gbit/s as specified in the ITU's IMT-2020 document. Overview 5G networks are digital cellular networks, in which the service area covered by providers is divided into small geographical areas called cells. Analog signals representing sounds and images are digitized in the telephone, converted by an analog-to-digital converter and transmitted as a stream of bits. All the 5G wireless devices in a cell communicate by radio waves with a local antenna array and low power automated transceiver (transmitter and receiver) in the cell, over frequency channels assigned by the transceiver from a pool of frequencies that are reused in other cells. The local antennas are connected with the telephone network and the Internet by a high-bandwidth optical fiber or wireless backhaul connection. As in other cell networks, a mobile device crossing from one cell to another is automatically "handed off" seamlessly to the new cell. 5G can support up to a million devices per square kilometer, while 4G supports only up to 100,000 devices per square kilometer.The new 5G wireless devices also have 4G LTE capability, as the new networks use 4G for initially establishing the connection with the cell, as well as in locations where 5G access is not available. Verizon and a few others are using millimeter waves.[ Millimeter waves have a shorter range than microwaves, therefore the cells are limited to a smaller size. Millimeter waves also have more trouble passing through building walls. Millimeter wave antennas are smaller than the large antennas used in previous cellular networks. Some are only a few inches (several centimeters) long. Massive MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) was deployed in 4G as early as 2016 and typically used 32 to 128 small antennas at each cell. In the right frequencies and configuration, it can increase performance from 4 to 10 times. Multiple bitstreams of data are transmitted simultaneously. In a technique called beamforming, the base station computer will continuously calculate the best route for radio waves to reach each wireless device and will organize multiple antennas to work together as phased arrays to create beams of millimeter waves to reach the device. Application areas The ITU-R has defined three main application areas for the enhanced capabilities of 5G. They are Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC), and Massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC). Only eMBB is deployed in 2020; URLLC and mMTC are several years away in most locations. Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) uses 5G as a progression from 4G LTE mobile broadband services, with faster connections, higher throughput, and more capacity. Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLC) refers to using the network for mission critical applications that require uninterrupted and robust data exchange. Massive Machine-Type Communications (mMTC) would be used to connect to a large number of devices, 5G technology will connect some of the 50 billion connected IoT devices. Most will use the less expensive Wi-Fi. Drones, transmitting via 4G or 5G, will aid in disaster recovery efforts, providing real-time data for emergency responders. Most cars will have a 4G or 5G cellular connection for many services. Autonomous cars do not require 5G, as they have to be able to operate where they do not have a network connection. While remote surgeries have been performed over 5G, most remote surgery will be performed in facilities with a fiber connection, usually faster and more reliable than any wireless connection. Performance Speed 5G speeds will range from ~50 Mbit/s to over a gigabit. The fastest 5G is known as mmWave. As of July 3, 2019, mmWave had a top speed of 1.8 Gbit/s[ on AT&T's 5G network. Sub-6 GHz 5G (mid-band 5G), by far the most common, will usually deliver between 100 and 400 Mbit/s, but will have a much farther reach than mmWave, especially outdoors.[14] Low-band spectrum offers the farthest area coverage but is slower than the others. 5G NR speed in sub-6 GHz bands can be slightly higher than the 4G with a similar amount of spectrum and antennas, although some 3GPP 5G networks will be slower than some advanced 4Gnetworks, such as T-Mobile's LTE/LAA network, which achieves 500+ Mbit/s in Manhattan and Chicago. The 5G specification allows LAA (License Assisted Access) as well, but LAA in 5G has not yet been demonstrated. Adding LAA to an existing 4G configuration can add hundreds of megabits per second to the speed, but this is an extension of 4G, not a new part of the 5G standard. The similarity in terms of throughput between 4G and 5G in the existing bands is because 4G already approaches the Shannon limit on data communication rates. 5G speeds in the less common millimeter wave spectrum, with its much more abundant bandwidth and shorter range, and hence greater frequency reusability, can be substantially higher. Latency In 5G, the "air latency" in equipment shipping in 2019 is 8–12 milliseconds. The latency to the server must be added to the "air latency" for most comparisons. Verizon reports the latency on its 5G early deployment is 30 ms: Edge Servers close to the towers can reduce latency to 10–20 ms; 1–4 ms will be extremely rare for years outside the lab. Standards Initially, the term was associated with the International Telecommunication Union's IMT-2020 standard, which required a theoretical peak download speed of 20 gigabits per second and 10 gigabits per second upload speed, along with other requirements.[23] Then, the industry standards group 3GPP chose the 5G NR (New Radio) standard together with LTE as their proposal for submission to the IMT-2020 standard. The first phase of 3GPP 5G specifications in Release-15 is scheduled to complete in 2019. The second phase in Release-16 is due to be completed in 2020. 5G NR can include lower frequencies (FR1), below 6 GHz, and higher frequencies (FR2), above 24 GHz. However, the speed and latency in early FR1 deployments, using 5G NR software on 4G hardware (non-standalone), are only slightly better than new 4G systems, estimated at 15 to 50% better. IEEE covers several areas of 5G with a core focus in wireline sections between the Remote Radio Head (RRH) and Base Band Unit (BBU). The 1914.1 standards focus on network architecture and dividing the connection between the RRU and BBU into two key sections. Radio Unit (RU) to the Distributor Unit (DU) being the NGFI-I (Next Generation Fronthaul Interface) and the DU to the Central Unit (CU) being the NGFI-II interface allowing a more diverse and cost-effective network. NGFI-I and NGFI-II have defined performance values which should be compiled to ensure different traffic types defined by the ITU are capable of being carried. The 1914.3 standard is creating a new Ethernet frame format capable of carrying IQ data in a much more efficient way depending on the functional split utilized. This is based on the 3GPP definition of functional splits. Multiple network synchronization standards within the IEEE groups are being updated to ensure network timing accuracy at the RU is maintained to a level required for the traffic carried over it. 5G NR 5G NR (New Radio) is a new air interface (therein lie the Canadian Virus connection) developed for the 5G network. It is supposed to be the global standard for the air interface of 3GPP 5G networks. Pre-standard implementations 5GTF: The 5G network implemented by American carrier Verizon for Fixed Wireless Access in late 2010s uses a pre-standard specification known as 5GTF (Verizon 5G Technical Forum). The 5G service provided to customers in this standard is incompatible with 5G NR. There are plans to upgrade 5GTF to 5G NR "Once [it] meets our strict specifications for our customers," according to Verizon. 5G-SIG: Pre-standard specification of 5G developed by KT Corporation. Deployed at Pyeongchang 2018 Winter Olympics. Internet of things In the Internet of things (IoT), 3GPP is going to submit evolution of NB-IoT and eMTC (LTE-M) as 5G technologies for the LPWA (Low Power Wide Area) use case. Deployment 5G 3.5 GHz Cell Site of Deutsche Telekom in Darmstadt, Germany 5G 3.5 GHz Cell Site of Vodafone in Karlsruhe, Germany Beyond mobile operator networks, 5G is also expected to be used for private networks with applications in industrial IoT, enterprise networking, and critical communications. Initial 5G NR launches depended on existing LTE (4G) infrastructure in non-standalone (NSA) mode (5G NR software on LTE radio hardware), before maturation of the standalone (SA) mode (5G NR software on 5G NR radio hardware) with the 5G core network. As of April 2019, the Global Mobile Suppliers Association had identified 224 operators in 88 countries that have demonstrated, are testing or trialling, or have been licensed to conduct field trials of 5G technologies, are deploying 5G networks or have announced service launches. The equivalent numbers in November 2018 were 192 operators in 81 countries. The first country to adopt 5G on a large scale was South Korea, in April 2019. Swedish telecoms giant Ericsson predicted that 5G internet will cover up to 65% of the world's population by the end of 2025. Also, it plans to invest 1 billion reais ($238.30 million) in Brazil to add a new assembly line dedicated to fifth-generation technology (5G) for its Latin American operations. When South Korea launched its 5G network, all carriers used Samsung, Ericsson, and Nokia base stations and equipment, except for LG U Plus, who also used Huawei equipment. Samsung was the largest supplier for 5G base stations in South Korea at launch, having shipped 53,000 base stations at the time, out of 86,000 base stations installed across the country at the time. The first fairly substantial deployments were in April 2019. In South Korea, SK Telecom claimed 38,000 base stations, KT Corporation 30,000 and LG U Plus 18,000; of which 85% are in six major cities. They are using 3.5 GHz (sub-6) spectrum in non-standalone (NSA) mode and tested speeds were from 193 to 430 Mbit/s down. 260,000 signed up in the first month and 4.7 million by the end of 2019. Nine companies sell 5G radio hardware and 5G systems for carriers: Altiostar, Cisco Systems, Datang Telecom/Fiberhome, Ericsson, Huawei, Nokia, Qualcomm, Samsung, and ZTE. Spectrum Large quantities of new radio spectrum (5G NR frequency bands) have been allocated to 5G. For example, in July 2016, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) freed up vast amounts of bandwidth in underused high-band spectrum for 5G. The Spectrum Frontiers Proposal (SFP) doubled the amount of millimeter-wave unlicensed spectrum to 14 GHz and created four times the amount of flexible, mobile-use spectrum the FCC had licensed to date.[53] In March 2018, European Union lawmakers agreed to open up the 3.6 and 26 GHz bands by 2020. As of March 2019, there are reportedly 52 countries, territories, special administrative regions, disputed territories and dependencies that are formally considering introducing certain spectrum bands for terrestrial 5G services, are holding consultations regarding suitable spectrum allocations for 5G, have reserved spectrum for 5G, have announced plans to auction frequencies or have already allocated spectrum for 5G use. Unlicensed spectrum MNO's are increasingly using unlicensed spectrum in the 2.4- and 5-gigahertz (GHz) frequency bands. 4G and 5G networks also use these bands to offload traffic in heavily congested areas and provide connectivity for billions of IoT devices. Advancements in Wi-Fi, LTE in Unlicensed spectrum (LTE-U), License Assisted Access (LAA), and MulteFire use 4G & 5G technologies in these bands. 5G devices Samsung Galaxy S10 5G, the first smartphone able to connect to 5G networks In March 2019, the Global Mobile Suppliers Association released the industry's first database tracking worldwide 5G device launches. In it, the GSA identified 23 vendors who have confirmed the availability of forthcoming 5G devices with 33 different devices including regional variants. There were seven announced 5G device form factors: (telephones (×12 devices), hotspots (×4), indoor and outdoor customer-premises equipment (×8), modules (×5), Snap-on dongles and adapters (×2), and USB terminals (×1)). By October 2019, the number of announced 5G devices had risen to 129, across 15 form factors, from 56 vendors. In the 5G IoT chipset arena, as of April 2019 there were four commercial 5G modem chipsets and one commercial processor/platform, with more launches expected in the near future. On March 6, 2020 the first-ever all-5G smartphone Samsung Galaxy S20 was released. According to Business Insider, the 5G feature was showcased as more expensive in comparison with 4G; the line up starts at US$1,000, in comparison with Samsung Galaxy S10e which started at US $750. On March 19, HMD Global, the current maker of Nokia-branded phones, announced the Nokia 8.3, which it claimed as having a wider range of 5G compatibility than any other phone released to that time. The mid-range model, with an initial Eurozone price of €599, is claimed to support all 5G bands from 600 MHz to 3.8 GHz. Availability Technology New radio frequencies The air interface defined by 3GPP for 5G is known as New Radio (NR), and the specification is subdivided into two frequency bands, FR1 (below 6 GHz) and FR2 (mmWave), each with different capabilities. Frequency range 1 (< 6 GHz) The maximum channel bandwidth defined for FR1 is 100 MHz, due to the scarcity of continuous spectrum in this crowded frequency range. The band most widely being used for 5G in this range is 3.3–4.2 GHz. The Korean carriers are using 3.5 GHz although some millimeter wave spectrum has also been allocated. Frequency range 2 (> 24 GHz) The minimum channel bandwidth defined for FR2 is 50 MHz and the maximum is 400 MHz, with two-channel aggregation supported in 3GPP Release 15. In the U.S., Verizon is using 28 GHz and AT&T is using 39 GHz.[65] The higher the frequency, the greater the ability to support high data-transfer speeds. FR2 coverage 5G in the 24 GHz range or above use higher frequencies than 4G, and as a result, some 5G signals are not capable of traveling large distances (over a few hundred meters), unlike 4G or lower frequency 5G signals (sub 6 GHz). This requires placing 5G base stations every few hundred meters in order to use higher frequency bands. Also, these higher frequency 5G signals cannot penetrate solid objects easily, such as cars, trees, and walls, because of the nature of these higher frequency electromagnetic waves. 5G cells can be deliberately designed to be as inconspicuous as possible, which finds applications in places like restaurants and shopping malls. Cell types Deployment environment Max. number ​of users Output power ​(mW) Max. distance from ​base station 5G NR FR2 Femtocell Homes, businesses Home: 4–8 Businesses: 16–32 indoors: 10–100 outdoors: 200–1000 10s of meters Pico cell Public areas like shopping malls, airports, train stations, skyscrapers 64 to 128 indoors: 100–250 outdoors: 1000–5000 10s of meters Micro cell Urban areas to fill coverage gaps 128 to 256 outdoors: 5000−10000 few hundreds of meters Metro cell Urban areas to provide additional capacity more than 250 outdoors: 10000−20000 hundreds of meters Wi-Fi (for comparison) Homes, businesses less than 50 indoors: 20–100 outdoors: 200–1000 few 10s of meters Massive MIMO Massive MIMO (multiple input and multiple output) antennas increases sector throughput and capacity density using large numbers of antennas and Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO). Each antenna is individually-controlled and may embed radio transceiver components. Nokia claimed a five-fold increase in the capacity increase for a 64-Tx/64-Rx antenna system. The term "massive MIMO" was coined by Nokia Bell Labs researcher Dr. Thomas L. Marzetta in 2010, and has been launched in 4G networks, such as Softbank in Japan. Of more than 562 separate 5G demonstrations, tests or trials globally of 5G technologies, at least 94 of them have involved testing Massive MIMO in the context of 5G. Edge computing Edge computing is delivered by computing servers closer to the ultimate user. It reduces latency and data traffic congestion. Small cell Small cells are low-powered cellular radio access nodes that operate in licensed and unlicensed spectrum that have a range of 10 meters to a few kilometers. Small cells are critical to 5G networks, as 5G's radio waves can't travel long distances, because of 5G's higher frequencies. Beamforming Beamforming, as the name suggests, is used to direct radio waves to a target. This is achieved by combining elements in an antenna array in such a way that signals at particular angles experience constructive interference while others experience destructive interference. This improves signal quality and data transfer speeds. 5G uses beamforming due to the improved signal quality it provides. Beamforming can be accomplished using phased array antennas. Convergence of Wi-Fi and cellular One expected benefit of the transition to 5G is the convergence of multiple networking functions to achieve cost, power, and complexity reductions. LTE has targeted convergence with Wi-Fiband/technology via various efforts, such as License Assisted Access (LAA; 5G signal in unlicensed frequency bands that are also used by Wi-Fi) and LTE-WLAN Aggregation (LWA; convergence with Wi-Fi Radio), but the differing capabilities of cellular and Wi-Fi have limited the scope of convergence. However, significant improvement in cellular performance specifications in 5G, combined with migration from Distributed Radio Access Network (D-RAN) to Cloud- or Centralized-RAN (C-RAN) and rollout of cellular small cells can potentially narrow the gap between Wi-Fi and cellular networks in dense and indoor deployments. Radio convergence could result in sharing ranging from the aggregation of cellular and Wi-Fi channels to the use of a single silicon device for multiple radio access technologies. NOMA (non-orthogonal multiple access) NOMA (non-orthogonal multiple access) is a proposed multiple-access technique for future cellular systems via allocation of power. SDN/NFV Initially, cellular mobile communications technologies were designed in the context of providing voice services and Internet access. Today a new era of innovative tools and technologies is inclined towards developing a new pool of applications. This pool of applications consists of different domains such as the Internet of Things (IoT), web of connected autonomous vehicles, remotely controlled robots, and heterogeneous sensors connected to serve versatile applications. In this context, network slicing has emerged as a key technology to efficiently embrace this new market model. Channel coding The channel coding techniques for 5G NR have changed from Turbo codes in 4G to polar codes for the control channels and LDPC (low-density parity check codes) for the data channels. Operation in unlicensed spectrum Like LTE in unlicensed spectrum, 5G NR will also support operation in unlicensed spectrum (NR-U). In addition to License Assisted Access (LAA) from LTE that enable carriers to use those unlicensed spectrum to boost their operational performance for users, in 5G NR it will support standalone NR-U unlicensed operation that will allow new 5G NR networks to be established in different environments without acquiring operational license in licensed spectrum, for instance for localized private network or lower the entry barrier for providing 5G internet services to the public. Electromagnetic interference The spectrum used by various 5G proposals will be near that of passive remote sensing such as by weather and Earth observation satellites, particularly for water vapor monitoring. Interference will occur and will potentially be significant without effective controls. An increase in interference already occurred with some other prior proximate band usages. Interference to satellite operations impairs numerical weather prediction performance with substantially deleterious economic and public safety impacts in areas such as commercial aviation. The concerns prompted U.S. Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross and NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine in February 2019 to urge the FCC to delay some spectrum auction proposals, which was rejected. The chairs of the House Appropriations Committee and House Science Committee wrote separate letters to FCC chair Ajit Pai asking for further review and consultation with NOAA, NASA, and DoD, and warning of harmful impacts to national security. Acting NOAA director Neil Jacobs testified before the House Committee in May 2019 that 5G out-of-band emissions could produce a 30% reduction in weather forecast accuracy and that the resulting degradation in ECMWF model performance would have resulted in failure to predict the track and thus the impact of Superstorm Sandy in 2012. The United States Navy in March 2019 wrote a memorandum warning of deterioration and made technical suggestions to control band bleed-over limits, for testing and fielding, and for coordination of the wireless industry and regulators with weather forecasting organizations. At the 2019 quadrennial World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC), atmospheric scientists advocated for a strong buffer of −55 dBW, European regulators agreed on a recommendation of −42 dBW, and US regulators (the FCC) recommended a restriction of −20 dBW, which would permit signals 150 times stronger than the European proposal. The ITU decided on an intermediate −33 dBW until September 1, 2027 and after that a standard of −39 dBW.] This is closer to the European recommendation but even the delayed higher standard is much weaker than that pleaded for by atmospheric scientists, triggering warnings from the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) that the ITU standard, at 10 times less stringent than its recommendation, brings the "potential to significantly degrade the accuracy of data collected". A representative of the American Meteorological Society (AMS) also warned of interference, and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), sternly warned, saying that society risks "history repeat[ing] itself" by ignoring atmospheric scientists' warnings (referencing global warming, monitoring of which could be imperiled). In December 2019, a bipartisan request was sent from the US House Science Committee to the Government Accountability Office (GAO) to investigate why there is such a discrepancy between recommendations of US civilian and military science agencies and the regulator, the FCC.[87] Criticism Surveillance Due to fears of potential espionage of users of Chinese equipment vendors, several countries (including the United States, Australia and the United Kingdom as of early 2019) have taken actions to restrict or eliminate the use of Chinese equipment in their respective 5G networks. Chinese vendors and the Chinese government have denied these claims. A report published by the European Commission and European Agency for Cybersecurity details the security issues surrounding 5G while trying to avoid mentioning Huawei. The report warns against using a single supplier for a carrier's 5G infrastructure, specially those based outside the European Union. (Nokia and Ericsson are the only European manufacturers of 5G equipment.) It has been alleged that the United States via the FBI, the UK via GCHQ and other intelligence agencies have sought to adjust 5G standards through 3GPP in order to allow as much metadata as possible to be collected for mass surveillance purposes. Environmental impact In August 2019, a court in the United States decided that new construction projects for 5G towers could not be expedited without reviewing the environmental impact and historic preservation implications of that construction. Security concerns On October 18, 2018, a team of researchers from ETH Zurich, the University of Lorraine and the University of Dundee released a paper entitled, "A Formal Analysis of 5G Authentication".] It alerted that 5G technology could open ground for a new era of security threats. The paper described the technology as "immature and insufficiently tested," the one that "enables the movement and access of vastly higher quantities of data, and thus broadens attack surfaces". Simultaneously, network security companies such as Fortinet, Arbor Networks, A10 Networks, and Voxility Advised on personalized and mixed security deployments against massive DDoS attacks foreseen after 5G deployment. IoT Analytics estimated an increase in the number of IoT devices, enabled by 5G technology, from 7 billion in 2018 to 21.5 billion by 2025. This can raise the attack surface for these devices to a substantial scale, and the capacity for DDoS attacks, cryptojacking, and other cyberattacks could boost proportionally. Health The scientific consensus is that 5G technology is safe and arguments to the contrary are based on a conspiratorial red herring that cites the newness of the technology as a reason not to trust it. Misunderstanding of 5G technology has given rise to conspiracy theories claiming it has an adverse effect on human health. In 2019, 180 scientists from 36 countries wrote to the European Union requesting a pause on 5G rollout, because of their concerns about possible health risks. In April 2019, the city of Brussels in Belgium blocked a 5G trial because of radiation laws. In Geneva, Switzerland, a planned upgrade to 5G was stopped for the same reason. The Swiss Telecommunications Association (ASUT) has said that studies have been unable to show that 5G frequencies have any health impact. According to CNET, "Members of Parliament in the Netherlands are also calling on the government to take a closer look at 5G. Several leaders in Congress have written to the Federal Communications Commission expressing concern about potential health risks. In Mill Valley, California, the city council blocked the deployment of new 5G wireless cells. Similar concerns were raised in Vermont and New Hampshire. After campaigning by activist groups, a series of small localities in the UK, including Totnes, Brighton and Hove, Glastonbury, and Frome passed resolutions against the implementation of further 5G infrastructure. There have been a number of concerns over the spread of disinformation in the media and online regarding the potential health effects of 5G technology. Writing in The New York Times in 2019, William Broad reported that RT America began airing programming linking 5G to harmful health effects which "lack scientific support", such as "brain cancer, infertility, autism, heart tumors, and Alzheimer's disease". Broad asserted that the claims had increased. RT America had run seven programs on this theme by mid-April 2019 but only one in the whole of 2018. The network's coverage had spread to hundreds of blogs and websites. Arson attacks During the COVID-19 pandemic, several conspiracy theories circulating online posited a link between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and 5G. This has led to dozens of arson attacks being made on telecom masts in the Netherlands (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, etc.), Ireland (Belfast, Cork, etc.), Cyprus, Scotland, Wales, England (Dagenham, Huddersfield, Birmingham and Liverpool[), Belgium (Pelt), Italy (Maddaloni), Croatia (Bibinje) and Sweden. It led to at least 61 suspected arson attacks against telephone masts in the United Kingdom alone] and over twenty in The Netherlands. Marketing of non-5G services In various parts of the world, carriers have launched numerous differently branded technologies, such as "5G Evolution", which advertise improving existing networks with the use of "5G technology". However, these pre-5G networks are an improvement on specifications of existing LTE networks that are not exclusive to 5G. While the technology promises to deliver faster speeds, and is described by AT&T as a "foundation for our evolution to 5G while the 5G standards are being finalized," it cannot be considered to be true 5G. When AT&T announced 5G Evolution, 4x4 MIMO, the technology that AT&T is using to deliver the faster speeds, had already been put in place by T-Mobile without being branded with the 5G moniker. It is claimed that such branding is a marketing move that will cause confusion with consumers, as it is not made clear that such improvements are not true 5G. History In April 2008, NASA partnered with Geoff Brown and Machine-to-Machine Intelligence (M2Mi) Corp to develop 5G communications technology. In 2008, the South Korean IT R&D program of "5G mobile communication systems based on beam-division multiple access and relays with group cooperation" was formed. In August 2012, New York University founded NYU Wireless, a multi-disciplinary academic research centre that has conducted pioneering work in 5G wireless communications. On October 8, 2012, the UK's University of Surrey secured £35M for a new 5G research centre, jointly funded by the British government's UK Research Partnership Investment Fund (UKRPIF) and a consortium of key international mobile operators and infrastructure providers, including Huawei, Samsung, Telefonica Europe, Fujitsu Laboratories Europe, Rohde & Schwarz, and Aircom International. It will offer testing facilities to mobile operators keen to develop a mobile standard that uses less energy and less radio spectrum, while delivering speeds faster than current 4G with aspirations for the new technology to be ready within a decade. On November 1, 2012, the EU project "Mobile and wireless communications Enablers for the Twenty-twenty Information Society" (METIS) started its activity toward the definition of 5G. METIS achieved an early global consensus on these systems. In this sense, METIS played an important role of building consensus among other external major stakeholders prior to global standardization activities. This was done by initiating and addressing work in relevant global fora (e.g. ITU-R), as well as in national and regional regulatory bodies. Also in November 2012, the iJOIN EU project was launched, focusing on "small cell" technology, which is of key importance for taking advantage of limited and strategic resources, such as the radio wave spectrum. According to Günther Oettinger, the European Commissioner for Digital Economy and Society (2014–2019), "an innovative utilization of spectrum" is one of the key factors at the heart of 5G success. Oettinger further described it as "the essential resource for the wireless connectivity of which 5G will be the main driver".[136] iJOIN was selected by the European Commission as one of the pioneering 5G research projects to showcase early results on this technology at the Mobile World Congress 2015 (Barcelona, Spain). In February 2013, ITU-R Working Party 5D (WP 5D) started two study items: (1) Study on IMT Vision for 2020 and beyond, and; (2) Study on future technology trends for terrestrial IMT systems. Both aiming at having a better understanding of future technical aspects of mobile communications toward the definition of the next generation mobile. On May 12, 2013, Samsung Electronics stated that they had developed a "5G" system. The core technology has a maximum speed of tens of Gbit/s (gigabits per second). In testing, the transfer speeds for the "5G" network sent data at 1.056 Gbit/s to a distance of up to 2 kilometers with the use of an 8*8 MIMO. In July 2013, India and Israel agreed to work jointly on development of fifth generation (5G) telecom technologies. On October 1, 2013, NTT (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone), the same company to launch the world's first 5G network in Japan, won the Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications Award at CEATEC for 5G R&D efforts. On November 6, 2013, Huawei announced plans to invest a minimum of $600 million into R&D for next generation 5G networks capable of speeds 100 times faster than modern LTE networks. On April 3, 2019, South Korea became the first country to adopt 5G. Just hours later, Verizon launched its 5G services in the United States, and disputed South Korea's claim of becoming the world's first country with a 5G network, because allegedly, South Korea's 5G service was launched initially for just six South Korean celebrities so that South Korea could claim the title of having the world's first 5G network.[144] In fact, the three main South Korean telecommunication companies (SK Telecom, KT, and LG Uplus) added more than 40,000 users to their 5G network on the launch day. In June 2019, Philippines became the first in Southeast Asia to roll out 5G network after Globe Telecom commercially launched its 5G data plans to customers. AT&T bring 5G service to consumers and businesses in December 2019 ahead of plans to offer nationwide[which?] 5G in the first half of 2020. On November 12, 2019 a declaration between Austria and Belarus was signed with the participation of A1 in Vienna, which implies assistance in information and communication technology for boosting the development of broadband and digital technology, including 5G. On January 23, 2020 the company MTS Belarus launched the test zones of 5G NSA network in Minsk at frequencies in the band between 3600 and 3700 MHz. The demonstration zone is working on the operator’s infrastructure based on Huawei and Cisco equipment. On February 27, 2020 a Memorandum of cooperation was signed in the Chinese-Belarusian Great Stone Industrial Park, in terms of which Huawei became the equipment supplier for constructing the exemplary 5G zone. On May 22, 2020 A1 in partnership with ZTE launched in test mode the first 5G SA network in the Belarus in the Oktyabr’skaya square in Minsk, and on May 25 it made the first call in the CIS by means of VoNR (Voice over New Radio) technology for the 5G burst transmission of voice. The 5G test network by A1 is working in the band of 3,5 GHz. On May 22, 2020 the company MTS Belarus launched the pioneer 5G SA network in 2 bands — at 1800 MHz and 3500 MHz in the Minsk-arena sport center. On May 28, 2020 the belarussion infrastructure operator beCloud launched in test mode the 5G NSA network in the bands of 3500 MHz and 2600 MHz. The pilot zone was deployed in Minsk and consists of 20 basic stations. Other applications Automobiles 5G Automotive Association has been promoting the C-V2X communication technology that will first be deployed in 4G. It provides for communication between vehicles and communication between vehicles and infrastructures. Public safety Mission-critical push-to-talk (MCPTT) and mission-critical video and data are expected to be furthered in 5G. Fixed wireless Fixed wireless connections will offer an alternative to fixed line broadband (ADSL, VDSL, Fiber optic, and DOCSIS connections) in some locations.Wireless video transmission for broadcast applications Sony has tested the possibility of using local 5G networks to replace the SDI cables currently used in broadcast camcorders. CONCLUSION TO BERKELEY REPORT ON AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLES DRIVEN BY 5G 5 Conclusions and Policy Implications 26. The previous sections have discussed the very substantial social and sales-enabling benefits stemming from the application of 5G technology in the automotive industry. These benefits may amount to trillions of dollars annually for the U.S. economy (as an example) from increased productivity (e.g., saved commute times, and ability to work and process information while commuting in the car); increased environmental quality, which has a dollar value in its own right; and reductions in traffic collisions and fatality rates. Beyond this, we have discussed the sales enablement effects—the 5G-enabled increase in sales of the automotive sector, key using sectors, and the upstream sectors that form the “supply chain” of the automotive sector. Beyond this, of course, there will be significant changes—likely with huge consumer conveniences and social savings, but with unpredictable impacts on which some firms “win” and other firms “lose.” The advent of “Mobility-as-a-service”, for instance, promises to change patterns of car ownership and commuting, but with potential impacts on existing conventional models of ownership and provision of transportation. The car as an ever-richer “connected” environment also offers challenges and opportunities for firms; but is likely to be highly beneficial for consumers and society. 27. Are there constructive policies that can ensure and even accelerate the realisation of these benefits? It is obvious that public policy must not stand in the way of the fundamental research and development activity currently underway to facilitate the ultra-reliable and ultra-low latency systems that 5G enables. Economic literature demonstrates that social returns from key innovations dominate private returns—that is, what society gets by way of additional value from these innovations far exceeds the value that the innovator is able to realize.15 This fundamental facet of innovation means that great care must be taken to ensure that policy interventions in the area of intellectual property are appropriately aware of the risk that socially valuable innovation is foregone because policy interventions create wariness among innovators about their ability to recognize appropriate value for their contributions to standards. Inasmuch as much of the technology must be licensed for it to impact standards and have impact, licensors must be fairly rewarded or the R&D spigot will quietly close and downstream implementers suffer too. 28. At a more focused level, some proposed policy measures that could facilitate the benefits discussed above are: (a) requiring or incentivizing the co-installation of fiber and power as a routine part of road repair works—this would facilitate the emergence of intelligent transportation systems that utilize cellular mobile connectivity; (b) requiring V2X equipment in cars for certification purposes; (c) lanes and parking spaces for autonomous vehicles, e.g., lanes for cars equipped with vehicle-to-infrastructure and vehicle-to-vehicle communications that are able to “platoon”, (d) improved location accuracy requirements for calls and data transmission from wireless devices, and (e) faster speed limits for autonomous cars. 15 This economic literature goes back many decades. Two pioneering studies in this regard are: Griliches, Z. (1957), “Hybrid Corn: An Exploration in the Economics of Technological Change”, Econometrica, Volume 25, Number 4, pp.501-522; and Mansfield, E., J.Rapaport, A. Romeo, S. Wagner and G. Beardsley (1977), “Social and Private Rates of Return from Industrial Innovations, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 91, Issue 2, pp.221-40. 13 29. Finally, spectrum regulatory policies also have an enabling role to play. The 5.9 GHz spectrum band is being considered globally for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and safety applications – and also for the above mentioned V2X communications. In Europe, for example, the 3.5 GHz spectrum is useful for augmenting V2X operation in 5.9 GHz to support network-based 5G automotive use cases with high bit-rate usage, thus supporting many broader industrial and consumer-oriented applications. Given the “mission critical” nature of some automotive applications, timely release of a sufficient amount of dedicated spectrum for ITS would appear to take on importance in this case especially in view of the future of connected and automated driving. The re-use of ITS infrastructure by mobile operators deploying 5G, perhaps even through collaborative efforts that overcome any hurdles related to the business case for such deployments, would be other important policy measures that would foster the benefits we discuss above. CONCLUSION It was my pleasure bringing you another series on a current topic affecting our universe. You are responsible for what you know and continue to keep yourself update. You might also want to get in the inventive mode. As I leave this month I want to leave with Beresford Hammond the man with the velvet voice - Putting up a Resistance.

This is me Raphleta, Lillene’s baby girl coming to you from Milwaukee, Wisconsin. COMMON 5G TECHNOLOGY TERMS Asia Pacific Telecommunity for the Asia Pacific (APAC) Augmented Reality (AR) Code Division Multiple Access CDMA) Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) European Union (EU) Federal Communication Commission (FCC) Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) Gigabit Per second (Gbps) Global Link Model (GLM) Intellectual Property (IP) International Telecommunications Union (ITU) International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities, Revision 4 system (ISIC) Licensed-Assisted access (LAA) Licensed Shared Access (LSA) Long Term Evolution (LTE) Massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC). Machine-to-machine (M2M) Millimetre Wave (mmWave) Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) Massive Internet of Things (MIoT) Mission Critical Services (MCS). Mobile Broadband (MBB) Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Next Generation Fronthaul Interface -( NGFI-I) Non-Standalone (NSA) Standalone (SA) The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC) Virtual Reality (VR) Wi-Fi link aggregation (LWA) REFERENCES 5G - Wikipedia 5G Mobile: Disrupting the Automotive Sector