5G TECHNOLOGY: THE NEW MANNA II

INTRODUCTION Original Link https://docs.google.com/document/d/15UqxPRK0KNmtTwS7FGuHCcDlar3JOD7oGDB7epvJVZ0/edit# Mon peuple, mon Peuple it is the best of times and the worst of times. Having passed through the USA and had some serious experiences I thought it could not get any worse. How wrong can one be? There is so much to write. I want to get it all on paper very quickly. I have to calm myself and deal with one theme at a time. However, let us deal with some housekeeping matters. I would suggest that all of you sell those large flat screen televisions which you have and buy a plane ticket and come and experience the United States of America which you are all pining after. I pick up where off in the October Blog You need to be patient with me people I am writing this blog and the previous September and October and my myriad of articles which i am walking around with and are tearing off my shoulders. I really did not know paper was so heavy. Then I have this study on the Book of Jeremiah. Thank God for the Prophet Jeremiah; he keeps me very sane and sober. That Blog is entitled The Book of Jeremiah - Life Lessons in Plans and Purposes. God was so direct with the Prophet Jeremiah that every time I am reading I have to laugh. I mean I have the letter of the law and all that rhetoric but I have to read the book to get the Spirit of the law. Well people, i seem to have left you over there in Dickson, Tennessee ooh la la la what a big bang! We have a lot of catching up to do because as we speak I am now in Independence Missouri at the QuikTrip Gas Station a little up the road is the YMCA Retreat site. I was actually in Kansas City, Missouri the night before with a whole bag of Nazis and Mafias circling around in their usual plot and counter plots. The Nazis and Mafias prevented me from going to the airport the previous night. The usual story with the Transit system. Well people I wrote some in Missouri I am now in Indianapolis, Indiana, at the airport it is 9:51 p.m. and to prevent myself from sleeping I need to complete this introduction or the Nazis and Mafias who are planning for me are going to have a field day. I got a ride with a gentleman from Greenup, Illinois directly to Indianapolis he was on his way to Wisconsin. I had made a jotting of all the things I wanted to say only to realize that the crooked Nazis and Mafias have gone through my notes and stolen the section on West Virginia and Kentucky. I knew they would want to hide this information. Let me get back to Tennessee over there in Dickson where I left you hanging. At 3 a.m. the Pilot ran me out saying I was sleeping. But of course that is not rocket science. It is the middle of the night and I have never had any probl;ems at any other Pilot at that hour. They were upset with me because they had people eating hamburgers with all sorts of gooey stuff at all hours of the early morning and ignored them all.I spent the night on the verandah of the shoe store across the road. They had some real good looking boots. I then refreshed myself at the Shell Gas Station with the Dunkin Donuts and then returned to my bombing spot but still no one stopped. I decided to walk up T46 with my Chariot of Fire (Walmart Shopping Cart) which I had gotten from the Walmart at Dickson. Then I got a ride from a gentleman who was a Pastor in the Church of Christ circle. His card was stolen out of my bag. He fed me and then left me along T100. I walked a little way on this winding hilly road having difficulties controlling my chariot. Anyway a little up the road while I was eating my salad one gentleman stopped. He did not seem too familiar with the road. Then the Pastor returned and said his conscience was bothering him for having left me along the way. He took me straight to German Town in Tennessee. He gave me the impression I was very near Mephis turns out that after sitting and refreshing myself with four hot dogs at Ikea. He bought me two and they were so small I bought two more. I even ate a pack of chips. The hot dogs were seventy five cents not the size of the ones for three Dollars in Canada. By the time I started walking and reached the Walmart which was about two miles. I kept seeing bus stops but no buses. I had walked two miles on inquiring with a gentleman he told me I was ten miles from Memphis. I decided to lie on some grass. The police came and said I could not do so. THen one of them offered me five dollars. I ignored him and went to lie by the light post. They stayed there until they left. Then I sat under the bus stop and rested my weary feet. I had done around five miles in total for the day. The next day I stayed by the Walmart hoping to see a bus. To no avail, I saw the disabled bus but people were under order not to share any information with me so i could not get anywhere with the driver. While at Walmart I decided to make some scientific observations. I was doing a study of the derriere of black people. Lord help my Holy ghost! I had to say to myself where did these people get these bottoms which shaped so funny? How did they get so gigantic? I saw one lady whose bottom looked like it had a cushion on it, shaped like a chair seat. The shapes and sizes of these people were out of this world. I had to say to myself these people are the descendants of slaves. Slaves from Africa were never this big and had those funny shapes. I concluded that most of them got this way from too much medication and overeating. I mean I saw a huge lady. She was overflowing in the Walmart Mechanical shopping cart and when she entered the store she went directly for the sweets section. I nearly told her to put it back and start looking after herself. Anyway before they threw me out of the store since no bus was coming from Memphis I decided to move out with my Walmart chariot of fire again. This time I got as far as the Centreville German Town and I saw a bus number 50 I think it was.I walked a couple of bus stops and then waited until the bus returned and took it into Memphis. I took another bus which took me to the Greyhound Station which was near the Airport. Unfortunately, I don't know how near or i would have walked it. I returned to the town and then did some exploring for the night. The next day I got the bus to the airport and was abandoned by the bus when I was ready to leave. I walked it to the bus stop and got on a bus. I was removed from the bus because I refused to go behind the first rows of seats. Yes people, criminality just finds the most foolish ways to annoy people. This was the straw that broke the camel’s back. I pulled out my placard and started protesting. All who were there and a part of the plot scattered and they had dirtied the compound with faeces they got the water truck and washed off the place immediately. I eventually got a bus to where I was going and realized it was the wrong bus. I was going around in circles. I walked right back to the city of Memphis. I just took a tour on the Trolley bus around the city and the streetcar down Main Street. Then I went by the riverfront. This is the mighty Mississippi River because I realized all that I needed to do was walk across the river to be in Arkansas from via Highway 55. I spent the night by the riverfront. The next day I did my devotion overlooking the river. Then the next morning I did another long walk (these things happen when you do not have a map) to the bridge. As I reached the bridge someone stopped for me. I am so sorry I took the ride because I was looking forward to walking across the bridge like I did the one in New York. From the conversation I realized the Nazis and Mafias might have told them that I might commit suicide because he told me about his friend’s father who committed suicide on the bridge. Suicide? Me suicide? Every step I take is motivated by the thought of ringing the necks of a couple criminals. Murder more like it, never suicide. I have just started to live. The young man dropped me at the Visitor’s Center in Arkansas which is in West Memphis. As Visitor’s Centers go this is one of the top class one. It was very pretty and well organized but as i entered i realized they were up to no god. Went to the washroom and had someone knocking me up after fifteen minutes. This has never happened to me at a visitor’s centre before no one monitors you in the bathroom. Asked the lady for a number of materials she had none. Then the Caucasian left and a black lady came out along with the black Sanitary Technician who knocked me up in the bathroom. I decided to leave the building immediately. I went and lay on the grass under a tre to read all the literature I had only to be visited by the police who advised that they did not want me on the property and was asking me to leave. I protested to no avail. The police were giving me a ride to a Park nearby where they had their set piece as per usual when on the way I saw a Walmart and asked him to leave me there instead. I did some shopping and stayed by the Walmart and made my salad and refreshed myself. Then I moved off with my Walmart Chariot of Fire. I didn't even stop by the park which the police were taking me to because I realized it was the usual deception taking place. I rested at a truck place across the road. The grass was extremely green and comfortable. The Chariot of Fire carried me to Forrest City around forty miles from west Memphis. All along Highway 70. Outside of Maddison, people literally tried to knock me off the road because they were telling me I could not walk so far. Of course I do what I always did IGNORE THEM and kept on saying like Confucius the journey of a thousand miles begins with the first step. Near to Lehi the gas station two foolish black people stopped to give me a ride. The lady was puffing away at her cigarettes. I just politely declined advising them it was just a couple of miles and I could walk that. Seems they live in the community behind the gas station. Then the next night I stopped at a little shop at Junction 70/129. The store owner carried his weapon on his side. I asked him if it was real. He said Yes! It was at the beginning of st. Francis County. The next morning I stopped at Shell Lake at a gas station, got some snacks and did my devotion in the grass close to the side of the store. In Maddison I stopped at the Baptist Church under the canopy at about 2 a.m. When I reached Forrest City and stopped at a gas station in the town. They decided they were going to steal my six cents. I bought a pack of soup and had to return it because they would not give me any hot water. Then I insisted I wanted my money and they called the police to have me ejected. I went outside and camped and unfurled my placard. They ended up offering me a hotel room etc. I refused their offer and went looking for the library. Of course the Caucasian police officer gave me directions to the Cemetery. I eventually found the library and then moved on with my Walmart Chariot of fire to the Walmart Store on Washington boulevard. There was a serious thunder storm that night. I spent the night under the gazebo by the bank praying. In the morning I got some food from Walmart then went to the library to book my passage out of there. I asked to use the restroom and the ladies put me in the room used by the Janitor. The computer was another scenario where they had plastic over the keys. I had difficulty using it this way. The lady said it was either this way or gloves. I tried the gloves, it was even worse. I just booked my Greyhound ticket and left. They overcharged me for the printing. I tell you some people act like bile and are very bitter. Ooh la la Little Rock Arkansas they were waiting for me Lord help my Holy Ghost! The bus service most of the buses were not running especially the one to the airport. Then no ends of skulduggery with the bus passes. The evening I was leaving my pass was prematurely cancelled. I had to pay another fare. I tried walking out of the city but ended up going in a circle and that night the black people sent a little fool to come and challenge me and tell me that he would damage me. He advised that he had been to prison and that he had a head problem. One night I suspected that they wanted to abandon me again so I took another bus to the city. It was number 18 McClymont. It certainly changed my outlook at one stage. I wondered if I was in one of the less developed areas in Jamaica. Hardly any road, the light bulbs on poles like sticks. The driver wanted to stop in a dark place to take a break. I advised him not to. It was too dark at that particular spot. Then at the library they gave me one hour per day on the computer. The second day they decided they were going to get up to some tricks. I just got up from the computer and advised the Computer Operator I do not have any time to waste. If they were going to play games they should kick me off the computer but do not waste my time. Then they brought out this little young miss who was a Security Guard with a shaved head and dressed like a boy. I told her that tomorrow I would give her a tract. The second day I did not have enough time so I took her email address. On my way out I ended up at the Pulaski Library. I sent her the email from there and printed some tracts. I had confronted the Church of Christ Pastor on the subject. I said with the number of churches you people have in America I am at a loss as to the gains these people have made in society. It would seem to me that you have all been dumb down and are a fraid to confront the issue. Is it because it will affect the collection plate? People America is not short of churches every community no matter how remote has a number of churches. They are not massive churches, they are small community churches. One of my regrets is the fact that I was not writing down the names of churches and banks. I wonder who said the American banking system would have crashed with the debacle that took place in 2008. It would not have. The invisible hand was adjusting the system by getting rid of greed and inefficient institutions feeding off people’s ignorance. There are all these small banks which are insured by the FDIC the system would not have crashed. Then I read what happened to the footballer in Jamaica and made the connections. On the night before I left I went to the Greyhound Station thinking they would be opened. They were closed but they had two people there to watch out for me. I said okay what do you do when you do not want to sleep and the night is cold? You pray! I started by the first half an hour the people who were hiding in the dark started to talk to reveal themselves by the time I prayed about the fact that the blackpeople have not been paid for slavery they were talking louder by the I got down on my knees and started crying to God about the rampant stealing of the resources of the black people and about the fact that the wanton stealing of the resources of black people has got to stop. They decided that it was time to leave II Samuel 22 verse 46 and Psalm 18 verse 45. Then other people started coming and eventually I had to stop praying, too much distraction. I also had a feeling that because I did not have a ticket they were planning to leave me. I had an e-ticket and I had no telephone. The girl came and opened up and printed my ticket etc and the bus also left late. Their way of getting back at me further was to drop me off in Van Buren instead of Fort Smith. I had to walk the seven miles from Van Buren to Fort Smith. I went to the library and they were prepared for me with the usual one hour. Keep her off the computer at all cost. I used it and then decided against going to Walmart. I was right because the bus system in Fort Smith comes to a halt at 5:30 p.m. I walked it cross the Arkansas River into Oklahoma. I walked into Moffet, Oklahoma then I got a ride to Roland. The latter was upset, seems everyone I met used to live in California. This gentleman used to live in california and had nothing good to say about the state of Oklahoma or the people. He told me most of the people were on speed and did not dress properly nor wash their vehicle. I had to ask him why he was still living in Oklahoma? Anyway after listening to him vent. We went our separate ways. I went to the stores in Roland and then to the Pilot Truck Stop where I stayed the night. I was even given free tea. And one gentleman bought me Burger King breakfast. Of course I had to decline his offer. I am off fatty food for a season. The next morning after inquiring about the bus system and finding out that I would have to backtrack to Fort Smith to take the Greyhound. I went to the Interstate to hitchhike and left after around fifteen minutes. Then one old gentleman picked me up. The seat in his van could not even stand up straight. We had a lively conversation on the way to Sallisaw. He left me by the Highway but I just decided that I would follow him to Walmart. I bought some food and sat on Walmart’s lawn and made my salad boneless chicken wings, tomatoes and cucumber. There were a lot of native Indians in this city. I fired up my chariot and moved out after taking a nap. While on the back roads I was stopped by a police officer. I really did not know what was happening but he kept spitting continuously. I nearly asked him if he was pregnant. Then another office came to join the party. His assignment was to bring confusion to the whole matter. An old couple passed and looked quite concerned at me. However, we assured them that everything was okay. Here is what they tried to do: mix up my new passport with the old one which was stolen. I had to stop them in their tracks and tell them that I came into Chicago O’Hare Airport with my new passport. I have not heard anything from them about the old one which has now been cancelled. Then I continued to tell them about my experience with Greyhound and the reason I just decided to walk. Then I told them I had sent one of my tracts about homosexuality to a young lady in Little Rock and that has added to my persecution. I was about to show them a copy of the tract but they declined and moved speedily. I laughed until I almost dropped. One of them had a black ring on his right ring finger. I was curious about what was happening here. I saw one of the gentlemen in Don Moen’s music video with the same type of ring on his finger. I eventually Googled it only to find out that that is a way of identifying that you are homosexual. Then after they left a lady police came and offered me a ride but I refused. She ended up giving me a flashlight which the Nazis and Mafias have now damaged. I am very grateful to her because it has really enlightened my path on those dark back streets. It is one of those expensive police flashlights.Iit is going to take an arm and a leg to replace, not the cheap one the Nazisa and Mafias destroyed for me which I bought at the dollar store. My intention was to walk from Sallisaw to Mukogee the mileage was longer than from West Memphis to Forrest City which was about forty miles. Anyway I had another old fellow give me a ride from the back road to Dare. This fellow was a smoker of Medical Marijuana. He had some accidents which left him in pain. When he dropped me in Dare I just gave him a blessing by praying for his back. I tell you people I am enjoying being a travelling Evangelist. I felt so good. I was looking forward to the next time. Then I had Robert pick me up as I was on the road in Dare and take me to Warner. It was a medium size town. It has a college. This time I was blessed. This gentleman was really very concerned about me. I appreciated that. He took me to the store and then to McDonald's. Of course the same people tried to analyze me while I was eating and then meditating. I really wonder why Caucasians like to disturb me so much. Everywhere I go once I settle down to have my own time. Here they come along with all the other lackey’s with all sorts of set pieces. It is still not my season to eat McDonald's. I was fed a lot of poison to my system by the Indians and Pakistanis in Canada and Sweden. I am still cleaning out my system. Eventually I just took my Chariot of Fire and left. Yes people, we have been travelling together everybody the Nazis and Mafias sent with a van because I refuse to leave my Chariot of Fire for any ten miles ride. I prayed for Robert in my quiet time that God would send him a nice wife who would care for him. While I was on my way out of Warner one couple drove me down and wanted me to turn back with them. I just advised my destination was Muskogee and it was ahead not behind. Waste of time, people! I walked all of that night. It was some eighteen miles from Warner to Muskogee. I had to take a rest at a church in one of the small villages. The Baptist church had a nice foyer. I thanked God for them. Then it was full speed ahead. I am very grateful the road had a very wide sidewalk, so danger was minimal. At one point the cows were moving all I said was whoever is there leave the cows alone. Cows do not move people, they just stand and give you a baleful stare. I also passed two little cute dogs, one in a jacket barking at me. I looked at the owner and laughed and he smiled and waved at me. I tell you the two little dogs were really motivated. That section of Oklahoma had a lot of real ranches people like those we saw on the TV series Dallas. I reached Muskogee in the middle of the morning at about 4 a.m. went to the gas station by the Highway and got myself a cup of tea. That is another challenge I had people, the custom in states like Arkansas and West Virginia people drink cold cups of tea and hot coffee. I had a serious problem getting tea bags. With my cup of tea and plate of hot water to lengthen the tea, I doubled back to Grandview Baptist Church and camped out in the early morning. Unfortunately, I stayed until the people came for church. They welcomed me in and I did my ablutions. I also did my laundry. I stayed for the service. They were warm. We will not spoil it with the negatives. I got a ride from one of the ladies to Tulsa but before taking me to Tulsa we did a tour of the Muskogee. It has potential but as with a lot of cities in America people are leaving because of the lack of infrastructure, no public transportation etc. For business to grow you need interaction not only on line but face to face. I will pick up next month with Tulsa. That has to be by itself for the most part. Let us complete the Blog on 5G. The mechanics of the technology. REFLECTIONS This 5G Technology promises to be really very revolutionary. We do not want to play catch up like we did with Cloud Technology so right from the outset let us familiarize ourselves with the jargon. At present most of the literature is predictive. Let us not be caught flat footed especially in the emerging economies. CRITICAL DEFINITIONS The definitions this month is going to be more extensive because of the technical nature of the matter. Most of you are walking around with a very powerful instrument in arm in the form of your cellular telephone and are not aware of the capabilities. That is why some person can use the same instrument and make applications where they earn millions and billions of dollars and all you use it for is social media and silly conversation. Yuh cook yet the pot fininh! Wey yuh sey? 5G - 5G is the fifth generation mobile network. It is a new global wireless standard after 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G networks. 5G enables a new kind of network that is designed to connect virtually everyone and everything together including machines, objects and devices. 5G wireless technology is meant to deliver higher multi-Gbps peak data speeds, ultra low latency, more reliability, massive network capacity, increased availability, and a more uniform user experience to more users. Higher performance and improved efficiency empower new user experiences and connects new industries. Invention of 5G - No one company or person owns 5G, but there are several companies within the mobile ecosystem that are contributing to bringing 5G to life. Qualcomm has played a major. The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), the industry organization that defines the global specifications for 3G UMTS (including HSPA), 4G LTE, and 5G technologies. Underlying Technologies of 5G - 5G is based on OFDM ( Orthogonal Frequency - Division Multiplexing) a method of modulating a digital signal across several different channels to reduce interference. 5G uses 5G NR air interface alongside OFDM principles. 5G also uses wider bandwidth technologies such as sub 6 GHz and millimetreWave (mmWave). Like 4G LTE, 5G OFDM operates based on the same mobile networking principles. However, the new 5G NR air interface can further enhance OFDM to deliver a much higher degree of flexibility and scalability. This could provide more 5G access to more people and things for a variety of different use cases. 5G will bring wider bandwidths by expanding the usage of spectrum resources, from sub-3GHz used in 4G to 100 GHz and beyond. 5G can operate in both lower bands (e.g., sub-6 GHz) as well as mmWave (e.g. 24 GHz and up) which will bring extreme capacity, multi-Gbps throughput, and low latency. 5G is designed to not only deliver faster, better mobile broadband services compared to 4G LTE, but can also expand into new service areas such as mission-critical communications and connecting the massive IoT. This is enabled by many new 5G NR air interface design techniques, such as a new self contained TDD The differences between the previous generations of mobile networks and 5G - The previous generations of mobile networks are 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G. First generation - 1G 1980s: 1G delivered analog voice. Second generation - 2G Early 1990s: 2G introduced digital voice (e.g. CDMA- Code Division Multiple Access). Third generation - 3G Early 2000s: 3G brought mobile data (e.g. CDMA2000). Fourth generation - 4G LTE 2010s: 4G LTE ushered in the era of mobile broadband. 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G all led to 5G, which is designed to provide more connectivity than was ever available before. 5G is a unified, more capable air interface. It has been designed with an extended capacity to enable next-generation user experiences, empower new deployment models and deliver new services. With high speeds, superior reliability and negligible latency, 5G will expand the mobile ecosystem into new realms. 5G will impact every industry, making safer transportation, remote healthcare, precision agriculture, digitized logistics — and more — a reality. Latency - (computing) the delay before a transfer of data begins following an instruction for its transfer. (How long it takes to transfer data) Nascent - just coming into existence and beginning to display signs of future potential. Ubiquity - the fact of appearing everywhere or of being very common Technology - the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry. Manna- a: food miraculously supplied to the Israelites in their journey through the wilderness b: divinely supplied spiritual nourishment c: a usually sudden and unexpected source of gratification, pleasure, or gain. 3GPP's 5G logo In telecommunications, 5G is the fifth generation technology standard for cellular networks, which cellular phone companies began deploying worldwide in 2019, the planned successor to the 4G networks which provide connectivity to most current cell phones. Like its predecessors, 5G networks are cellular networks, in which the service area is divided into small geographical areas called cells. All 5G wireless devices in a cell are connected to the Internet and telephone network by radio waves through a local antenna in the cell. The main advantage of the new networks is that they will have greater bandwidth, giving higher download speeds, eventually up to 10 gigabits per second (Gbit/s). Due to the increased bandwidth, it is expected that the new networks will not just serve cellphones like existing cellular networks, but also be used as general internet service providers for laptops and desktop computers, competing with existing ISPs such as cable internet, and also will make possible new applications in internet of things (IoT) and machine to machine reas. Current 4G cell phones will not be able to use the new networks, which will require new 5G enabled wireless devices. The increased speed is achieved partly by using higher-frequency radio waves than current cellular networks. However, higher-frequency radio waves have a shorter range than the frequencies used by previous cell phone towers, requiring smaller cells. So to ensure wide service, 5G networks operate on up to three frequency bands, low, medium, and high. A 5G network will be composed of networks of up to 3 different types of cells, each requiring different antennas, each type giving a different tradeoff of download speed vs. distance and service area. 5G cell phones and wireless devices will connect to the network through the highest speed antenna within range at their location: Low-band 5G uses a similar frequency range to current 4G cell phones, 600-700 MHz, giving download speeds a little higher than 4G: 30-250 megabits per second (Mbit/s). Low-band cell towers will have a range and coverage area similar to current 4G towers. Mid-band 5G uses microwaves of 2.5-3.7 GHz, currently allowing speeds of 100-900 Mbit/s, with each cell tower providing service up to several miles in radius. This level of service is the most widely deployed, and should be available in most metropolitan areas in 2020. Some countries are not implementing low-band, making this the minimum service level. High-band 5G currently uses frequencies of 25-39 GHz, near the bottom of the millimeter wave band, although higher frequencies may be used in the future. It often achieves download speeds of a gigabit per second (Gbit/s), comparable to cable internet. However, millimeter waves (mmWave or mmW) have a more limited range, requiring many small cells. They have trouble passing through some types of walls and windows (they do not have a glorified body). Due to their higher costs, current plans are to deploy these cells only in dense urban environments and areas where crowds of people congregate such as sports stadiums and convention centers. The above speeds are those achieved in actual tests in 2020, and speeds are expected to increase during rollout. The industry consortium setting standards for 5G is the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). It defines any system using 5G NR (5G New Radio) software as "5G", a definition that came into general use by late 2018. Minimum standards are set by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU). Previously, some reserved the term 5G for systems that deliver download speeds of 20 Gbit/s as specified in the ITU's IMT-2020 document. Overview 5G networks are digital cellular networks, in which the service area covered by providers is divided into small geographical areas called cells. Analog signals representing sounds and images are digitized in the telephone, converted by an analog-to-digital converter and transmitted as a stream of bits. All the 5G wireless devices in a cell communicate by radio waves with a local antenna array and low power automated transceiver (transmitter and receiver) in the cell, over frequency channels assigned by the transceiver from a pool of frequencies that are reused in other cells. The local antennas are connected with the telephone network and the Internet by a high-bandwidth optical fiber or wireless backhaul connection. As in other cell networks, a mobile device crossing from one cell to another is automatically "handed off" seamlessly to the new cell. 5G can support up to a million devices per square kilometer, while 4G supports only up to 100,000 devices per square kilometer.The new 5G wireless devices also have 4G LTE capability, as the new networks use 4G for initially establishing the connection with the cell, as well as in locations where 5G access is not available. Verizon and a few others are using millimeter waves.[ Millimeter waves have a shorter range than microwaves, therefore the cells are limited to a smaller size. Millimeter waves also have more trouble passing through building walls. Millimeter wave antennas are smaller than the large antennas used in previous cellular networks. Some are only a few inches (several centimeters) long. Massive MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) was deployed in 4G as early as 2016 and typically used 32 to 128 small antennas at each cell. In the right frequencies and configuration, it can increase performance from 4 to 10 times. Multiple bitstreams of data are transmitted simultaneously. In a technique called beamforming, the base station computer will continuously calculate the best route for radio waves to reach each wireless device and will organize multiple antennas to work together as phased arrays to create beams of millimeter waves to reach the device. Application areas The ITU-R has defined three main application areas for the enhanced capabilities of 5G. They are Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC), and Massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC). Only eMBB is deployed in 2020; URLLC and mMTC are several years away in most locations. Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) uses 5G as a progression from 4G LTE mobile broadband services, with faster connections, higher throughput, and more capacity. Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLC) refers to using the network for mission critical applications that require uninterrupted and robust data exchange. Massive Machine-Type Communications (mMTC) would be used to connect to a large number of devices, 5G technology will connect some of the 50 billion connected IoT devices. Most will use the less expensive Wi-Fi. Drones, transmitting via 4G or 5G, will aid in disaster recovery efforts, providing real-time data for emergency responders. Most cars will have a 4G or 5G cellular connection for many services. Autonomous cars do not require 5G, as they have to be able to operate where they do not have a network connection. While remote surgeries have been performed over 5G, most remote surgery will be performed in facilities with a fiber connection, usually faster and more reliable than any wireless connection. Performance Speed 5G speeds will range from ~50 Mbit/s to over a gigabit. The fastest 5G is known as mmWave. As of July 3, 2019, mmWave had a top speed of 1.8 Gbit/s[ on AT&T's 5G network. Sub-6 GHz 5G (mid-band 5G), by far the most common, will usually deliver between 100 and 400 Mbit/s, but will have a much farther reach than mmWave, especially outdoors.[14] Low-band spectrum offers the farthest area coverage but is slower than the others. 5G NR speed in sub-6 GHz bands can be slightly higher than the 4G with a similar amount of spectrum and antennas, although some 3GPP 5G networks will be slower than some advanced 4Gnetworks, such as T-Mobile's LTE/LAA network, which achieves 500+ Mbit/s in Manhattan and Chicago. The 5G specification allows LAA (License Assisted Access) as well, but LAA in 5G has not yet been demonstrated. Adding LAA to an existing 4G configuration can add hundreds of megabits per second to the speed, but this is an extension of 4G, not a new part of the 5G standard. The similarity in terms of throughput between 4G and 5G in the existing bands is because 4G already approaches the Shannon limit on data communication rates. 5G speeds in the less common millimeter wave spectrum, with its much more abundant bandwidth and shorter range, and hence greater frequency reusability, can be substantially higher. Latency In 5G, the "air latency" in equipment shipping in 2019 is 8–12 milliseconds. The latency to the server must be added to the "air latency" for most comparisons. Verizon reports the latency on its 5G early deployment is 30 ms: Edge Servers close to the towers can reduce latency to 10–20 ms; 1–4 ms will be extremely rare for years outside the lab. Standards Initially, the term was associated with the International Telecommunication Union's IMT-2020 standard, which required a theoretical peak download speed of 20 gigabits per second and 10 gigabits per second upload speed, along with other requirements.[23] Then, the industry standards group 3GPP chose the 5G NR (New Radio) standard together with LTE as their proposal for submission to the IMT-2020 standard. The first phase of 3GPP 5G specifications in Release-15 is scheduled to complete in 2019. The second phase in Release-16 is due to be completed in 2020. 5G NR can include lower frequencies (FR1), below 6 GHz, and higher frequencies (FR2), above 24 GHz. However, the speed and latency in early FR1 deployments, using 5G NR software on 4G hardware (non-standalone), are only slightly better than new 4G systems, estimated at 15 to 50% better. IEEE covers several areas of 5G with a core focus in wireline sections between the Remote Radio Head (RRH) and Base Band Unit (BBU). The 1914.1 standards focus on network architecture and dividing the connection between the RRU and BBU into two key sections. Radio Unit (RU) to the Distributor Unit (DU) being the NGFI-I (Next Generation Fronthaul Interface) and the DU to the Central Unit (CU) being the NGFI-II interface allowing a more diverse and cost-effective network. NGFI-I and NGFI-II have defined performance values which should be compiled to ensure different traffic types defined by the ITU are capable of being carried. The 1914.3 standard is creating a new Ethernet frame format capable of carrying IQ data in a much more efficient way depending on the functional split utilized. This is based on the 3GPP definition of functional splits. Multiple network synchronization standards within the IEEE groups are being updated to ensure network timing accuracy at the RU is maintained to a level required for the traffic carried over it. 5G NR 5G NR (New Radio) is a new air interface (therein lie the Canadian Virus connection) developed for the 5G network. It is supposed to be the global standard for the air interface of 3GPP 5G networks. Pre-standard implementations 5GTF: The 5G network implemented by American carrier Verizon for Fixed Wireless Access in late 2010s uses a pre-standard specification known as 5GTF (Verizon 5G Technical Forum). The 5G service provided to customers in this standard is incompatible with 5G NR. There are plans to upgrade 5GTF to 5G NR "Once [it] meets our strict specifications for our customers," according to Verizon. 5G-SIG: Pre-standard specification of 5G developed by KT Corporation. Deployed at Pyeongchang 2018 Winter Olympics. Internet of things In the Internet of things (IoT), 3GPP is going to submit evolution of NB-IoT and eMTC (LTE-M) as 5G technologies for the LPWA (Low Power Wide Area) use case. Deployment 5G 3.5 GHz Cell Site of Deutsche Telekom in Darmstadt, Germany 5G 3.5 GHz Cell Site of Vodafone in Karlsruhe, Germany Beyond mobile operator networks, 5G is also expected to be used for private networks with applications in industrial IoT, enterprise networking, and critical communications. Initial 5G NR launches depended on existing LTE (4G) infrastructure in non-standalone (NSA) mode (5G NR software on LTE radio hardware), before maturation of the standalone (SA) mode (5G NR software on 5G NR radio hardware) with the 5G core network. As of April 2019, the Global Mobile Suppliers Association had identified 224 operators in 88 countries that have demonstrated, are testing or trialling, or have been licensed to conduct field trials of 5G technologies, are deploying 5G networks or have announced service launches. The equivalent numbers in November 2018 were 192 operators in 81 countries. The first country to adopt 5G on a large scale was South Korea, in April 2019. Swedish telecoms giant Ericsson predicted that 5G internet will cover up to 65% of the world's population by the end of 2025. Also, it plans to invest 1 billion reais ($238.30 million) in Brazil to add a new assembly line dedicated to fifth-generation technology (5G) for its Latin American operations. When South Korea launched its 5G network, all carriers used Samsung, Ericsson, and Nokia base stations and equipment, except for LG U Plus, who also used Huawei equipment. Samsung was the largest supplier for 5G base stations in South Korea at launch, having shipped 53,000 base stations at the time, out of 86,000 base stations installed across the country at the time. The first fairly substantial deployments were in April 2019. In South Korea, SK Telecom claimed 38,000 base stations, KT Corporation 30,000 and LG U Plus 18,000; of which 85% are in six major cities. They are using 3.5 GHz (sub-6) spectrum in non-standalone (NSA) mode and tested speeds were from 193 to 430 Mbit/s down. 260,000 signed up in the first month and 4.7 million by the end of 2019. Nine companies sell 5G radio hardware and 5G systems for carriers: Altiostar, Cisco Systems, Datang Telecom/Fiberhome, Ericsson, Huawei, Nokia, Qualcomm, Samsung, and ZTE. Spectrum Large quantities of new radio spectrum (5G NR frequency bands) have been allocated to 5G. For example, in July 2016, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) freed up vast amounts of bandwidth in underused high-band spectrum for 5G. The Spectrum Frontiers Proposal (SFP) doubled the amount of millimeter-wave unlicensed spectrum to 14 GHz and created four times the amount of flexible, mobile-use spectrum the FCC had licensed to date.[53] In March 2018, European Union lawmakers agreed to open up the 3.6 and 26 GHz bands by 2020. As of March 2019, there are reportedly 52 countries, territories, special administrative regions, disputed territories and dependencies that are formally considering introducing certain spectrum bands for terrestrial 5G services, are holding consultations regarding suitable spectrum allocations for 5G, have reserved spectrum for 5G, have announced plans to auction frequencies or have already allocated spectrum for 5G use. Unlicensed spectrum MNO's are increasingly using unlicensed spectrum in the 2.4- and 5-gigahertz (GHz) frequency bands. 4G and 5G networks also use these bands to offload traffic in heavily congested areas and provide connectivity for billions of IoT devices. Advancements in Wi-Fi, LTE in Unlicensed spectrum (LTE-U), License Assisted Access (LAA), and MulteFire use 4G & 5G technologies in these bands. 5G devices Samsung Galaxy S10 5G, the first smartphone able to connect to 5G networks In March 2019, the Global Mobile Suppliers Association released the industry's first database tracking worldwide 5G device launches. In it, the GSA identified 23 vendors who have confirmed the availability of forthcoming 5G devices with 33 different devices including regional variants. There were seven announced 5G device form factors: (telephones (×12 devices), hotspots (×4), indoor and outdoor customer-premises equipment (×8), modules (×5), Snap-on dongles and adapters (×2), and USB terminals (×1)). By October 2019, the number of announced 5G devices had risen to 129, across 15 form factors, from 56 vendors. In the 5G IoT chipset arena, as of April 2019 there were four commercial 5G modem chipsets and one commercial processor/platform, with more launches expected in the near future. On March 6, 2020 the first-ever all-5G smartphone Samsung Galaxy S20 was released. According to Business Insider, the 5G feature was showcased as more expensive in comparison with 4G; the line up starts at US$1,000, in comparison with Samsung Galaxy S10e which started at US $750. On March 19, HMD Global, the current maker of Nokia-branded phones, announced the Nokia 8.3, which it claimed as having a wider range of 5G compatibility than any other phone released to that time. The mid-range model, with an initial Eurozone price of €599, is claimed to support all 5G bands from 600 MHz to 3.8 GHz. Availability Technology New radio frequencies The air interface defined by 3GPP for 5G is known as New Radio (NR), and the specification is subdivided into two frequency bands, FR1 (below 6 GHz) and FR2 (mmWave), each with different capabilities. Frequency range 1 (< 6 GHz) The maximum channel bandwidth defined for FR1 is 100 MHz, due to the scarcity of continuous spectrum in this crowded frequency range. The band most widely being used for 5G in this range is 3.3–4.2 GHz. The Korean carriers are using 3.5 GHz although some millimeter wave spectrum has also been allocated. Frequency range 2 (> 24 GHz) The minimum channel bandwidth defined for FR2 is 50 MHz and the maximum is 400 MHz, with two-channel aggregation supported in 3GPP Release 15. In the U.S., Verizon is using 28 GHz and AT&T is using 39 GHz.[65] The higher the frequency, the greater the ability to support high data-transfer speeds. FR2 coverage 5G in the 24 GHz range or above use higher frequencies than 4G, and as a result, some 5G signals are not capable of traveling large distances (over a few hundred meters), unlike 4G or lower frequency 5G signals (sub 6 GHz). This requires placing 5G base stations every few hundred meters in order to use higher frequency bands. Also, these higher frequency 5G signals cannot penetrate solid objects easily, such as cars, trees, and walls, because of the nature of these higher frequency electromagnetic waves. 5G cells can be deliberately designed to be as inconspicuous as possible, which finds applications in places like restaurants and shopping malls. Cell types Deployment environment Max. number ​of users Output power ​(mW) Max. distance from ​base station 5G NR FR2 Femtocell Homes, businesses Home: 4–8 Businesses: 16–32 indoors: 10–100 outdoors: 200–1000 10s of meters Pico cell Public areas like shopping malls, airports, train stations, skyscrapers 64 to 128 indoors: 100–250 outdoors: 1000–5000 10s of meters Micro cell Urban areas to fill coverage gaps 128 to 256 outdoors: 5000−10000 few hundreds of meters Metro cell Urban areas to provide additional capacity more than 250 outdoors: 10000−20000 hundreds of meters Wi-Fi (for comparison) Homes, businesses less than 50 indoors: 20–100 outdoors: 200–1000 few 10s of meters Massive MIMO Massive MIMO (multiple input and multiple output) antennas increases sector throughput and capacity density using large numbers of antennas and Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO). Each antenna is individually-controlled and may embed radio transceiver components. Nokia claimed a five-fold increase in the capacity increase for a 64-Tx/64-Rx antenna system. The term "massive MIMO" was coined by Nokia Bell Labs researcher Dr. Thomas L. Marzetta in 2010, and has been launched in 4G networks, such as Softbank in Japan. Of more than 562 separate 5G demonstrations, tests or trials globally of 5G technologies, at least 94 of them have involved testing Massive MIMO in the context of 5G. Edge computing Edge computing is delivered by computing servers closer to the ultimate user. It reduces latency and data traffic congestion. Small cell Small cells are low-powered cellular radio access nodes that operate in licensed and unlicensed spectrum that have a range of 10 meters to a few kilometers. Small cells are critical to 5G networks, as 5G's radio waves can't travel long distances, because of 5G's higher frequencies. Beamforming Beamforming, as the name suggests, is used to direct radio waves to a target. This is achieved by combining elements in an antenna array in such a way that signals at particular angles experience constructive interference while others experience destructive interference. This improves signal quality and data transfer speeds. 5G uses beamforming due to the improved signal quality it provides. Beamforming can be accomplished using phased array antennas. Convergence of Wi-Fi and cellular One expected benefit of the transition to 5G is the convergence of multiple networking functions to achieve cost, power, and complexity reductions. LTE has targeted convergence with Wi-Fiband/technology via various efforts, such as License Assisted Access (LAA; 5G signal in unlicensed frequency bands that are also used by Wi-Fi) and LTE-WLAN Aggregation (LWA; convergence with Wi-Fi Radio), but the differing capabilities of cellular and Wi-Fi have limited the scope of convergence. However, significant improvement in cellular performance specifications in 5G, combined with migration from Distributed Radio Access Network (D-RAN) to Cloud- or Centralized-RAN (C-RAN) and rollout of cellular small cells can potentially narrow the gap between Wi-Fi and cellular networks in dense and indoor deployments. Radio convergence could result in sharing ranging from the aggregation of cellular and Wi-Fi channels to the use of a single silicon device for multiple radio access technologies. NOMA (non-orthogonal multiple access) NOMA (non-orthogonal multiple access) is a proposed multiple-access technique for future cellular systems via allocation of power. SDN/NFV Initially, cellular mobile communications technologies were designed in the context of providing voice services and Internet access. Today a new era of innovative tools and technologies is inclined towards developing a new pool of applications. This pool of applications consists of different domains such as the Internet of Things (IoT), web of connected autonomous vehicles, remotely controlled robots, and heterogeneous sensors connected to serve versatile applications. In this context, network slicing has emerged as a key technology to efficiently embrace this new market model. Channel coding The channel coding techniques for 5G NR have changed from Turbo codes in 4G to polar codes for the control channels and LDPC (low-density parity check codes) for the data channels. Operation in unlicensed spectrum Like LTE in unlicensed spectrum, 5G NR will also support operation in unlicensed spectrum (NR-U). In addition to License Assisted Access (LAA) from LTE that enable carriers to use those unlicensed spectrum to boost their operational performance for users, in 5G NR it will support standalone NR-U unlicensed operation that will allow new 5G NR networks to be established in different environments without acquiring operational license in licensed spectrum, for instance for localized private network or lower the entry barrier for providing 5G internet services to the public. Electromagnetic interference The spectrum used by various 5G proposals will be near that of passive remote sensing such as by weather and Earth observation satellites, particularly for water vapor monitoring. Interference will occur and will potentially be significant without effective controls. An increase in interference already occurred with some other prior proximate band usages. Interference to satellite operations impairs numerical weather prediction performance with substantially deleterious economic and public safety impacts in areas such as commercial aviation. The concerns prompted U.S. Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross and NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine in February 2019 to urge the FCC to delay some spectrum auction proposals, which was rejected. The chairs of the House Appropriations Committee and House Science Committee wrote separate letters to FCC chair Ajit Pai asking for further review and consultation with NOAA, NASA, and DoD, and warning of harmful impacts to national security. Acting NOAA director Neil Jacobs testified before the House Committee in May 2019 that 5G out-of-band emissions could produce a 30% reduction in weather forecast accuracy and that the resulting degradation in ECMWF model performance would have resulted in failure to predict the track and thus the impact of Superstorm Sandy in 2012. The United States Navy in March 2019 wrote a memorandum warning of deterioration and made technical suggestions to control band bleed-over limits, for testing and fielding, and for coordination of the wireless industry and regulators with weather forecasting organizations. At the 2019 quadrennial World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC), atmospheric scientists advocated for a strong buffer of −55 dBW, European regulators agreed on a recommendation of −42 dBW, and US regulators (the FCC) recommended a restriction of −20 dBW, which would permit signals 150 times stronger than the European proposal. The ITU decided on an intermediate −33 dBW until September 1, 2027 and after that a standard of −39 dBW.] This is closer to the European recommendation but even the delayed higher standard is much weaker than that pleaded for by atmospheric scientists, triggering warnings from the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) that the ITU standard, at 10 times less stringent than its recommendation, brings the "potential to significantly degrade the accuracy of data collected". A representative of the American Meteorological Society (AMS) also warned of interference, and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), sternly warned, saying that society risks "history repeat[ing] itself" by ignoring atmospheric scientists' warnings (referencing global warming, monitoring of which could be imperiled). In December 2019, a bipartisan request was sent from the US House Science Committee to the Government Accountability Office (GAO) to investigate why there is such a discrepancy between recommendations of US civilian and military science agencies and the regulator, the FCC.[87] Criticism Surveillance Due to fears of potential espionage of users of Chinese equipment vendors, several countries (including the United States, Australia and the United Kingdom as of early 2019) have taken actions to restrict or eliminate the use of Chinese equipment in their respective 5G networks. Chinese vendors and the Chinese government have denied these claims. A report published by the European Commission and European Agency for Cybersecurity details the security issues surrounding 5G while trying to avoid mentioning Huawei. The report warns against using a single supplier for a carrier's 5G infrastructure, specially those based outside the European Union. (Nokia and Ericsson are the only European manufacturers of 5G equipment.) It has been alleged that the United States via the FBI, the UK via GCHQ and other intelligence agencies have sought to adjust 5G standards through 3GPP in order to allow as much metadata as possible to be collected for mass surveillance purposes. Environmental impact In August 2019, a court in the United States decided that new construction projects for 5G towers could not be expedited without reviewing the environmental impact and historic preservation implications of that construction. Security concerns On October 18, 2018, a team of researchers from ETH Zurich, the University of Lorraine and the University of Dundee released a paper entitled, "A Formal Analysis of 5G Authentication".] It alerted that 5G technology could open ground for a new era of security threats. The paper described the technology as "immature and insufficiently tested," the one that "enables the movement and access of vastly higher quantities of data, and thus broadens attack surfaces". Simultaneously, network security companies such as Fortinet, Arbor Networks, A10 Networks, and Voxility Advised on personalized and mixed security deployments against massive DDoS attacks foreseen after 5G deployment. IoT Analytics estimated an increase in the number of IoT devices, enabled by 5G technology, from 7 billion in 2018 to 21.5 billion by 2025. This can raise the attack surface for these devices to a substantial scale, and the capacity for DDoS attacks, cryptojacking, and other cyberattacks could boost proportionally. Health The scientific consensus is that 5G technology is safe and arguments to the contrary are based on a conspiratorial red herring that cites the newness of the technology as a reason not to trust it. Misunderstanding of 5G technology has given rise to conspiracy theories claiming it has an adverse effect on human health. In 2019, 180 scientists from 36 countries wrote to the European Union requesting a pause on 5G rollout, because of their concerns about possible health risks. In April 2019, the city of Brussels in Belgium blocked a 5G trial because of radiation laws. In Geneva, Switzerland, a planned upgrade to 5G was stopped for the same reason. The Swiss Telecommunications Association (ASUT) has said that studies have been unable to show that 5G frequencies have any health impact. According to CNET, "Members of Parliament in the Netherlands are also calling on the government to take a closer look at 5G. Several leaders in Congress have written to the Federal Communications Commission expressing concern about potential health risks. In Mill Valley, California, the city council blocked the deployment of new 5G wireless cells. Similar concerns were raised in Vermont and New Hampshire. After campaigning by activist groups, a series of small localities in the UK, including Totnes, Brighton and Hove, Glastonbury, and Frome passed resolutions against the implementation of further 5G infrastructure. There have been a number of concerns over the spread of disinformation in the media and online regarding the potential health effects of 5G technology. Writing in The New York Times in 2019, William Broad reported that RT America began airing programming linking 5G to harmful health effects which "lack scientific support", such as "brain cancer, infertility, autism, heart tumors, and Alzheimer's disease". Broad asserted that the claims had increased. RT America had run seven programs on this theme by mid-April 2019 but only one in the whole of 2018. The network's coverage had spread to hundreds of blogs and websites. Arson attacks During the COVID-19 pandemic, several conspiracy theories circulating online posited a link between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and 5G. This has led to dozens of arson attacks being made on telecom masts in the Netherlands (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, etc.), Ireland (Belfast, Cork, etc.), Cyprus, Scotland, Wales, England (Dagenham, Huddersfield, Birmingham and Liverpool[), Belgium (Pelt), Italy (Maddaloni), Croatia (Bibinje) and Sweden. It led to at least 61 suspected arson attacks against telephone masts in the United Kingdom alone] and over twenty in The Netherlands. Marketing of non-5G services In various parts of the world, carriers have launched numerous differently branded technologies, such as "5G Evolution", which advertise improving existing networks with the use of "5G technology". However, these pre-5G networks are an improvement on specifications of existing LTE networks that are not exclusive to 5G. While the technology promises to deliver faster speeds, and is described by AT&T as a "foundation for our evolution to 5G while the 5G standards are being finalized," it cannot be considered to be true 5G. When AT&T announced 5G Evolution, 4x4 MIMO, the technology that AT&T is using to deliver the faster speeds, had already been put in place by T-Mobile without being branded with the 5G moniker. It is claimed that such branding is a marketing move that will cause confusion with consumers, as it is not made clear that such improvements are not true 5G. History In April 2008, NASA partnered with Geoff Brown and Machine-to-Machine Intelligence (M2Mi) Corp to develop 5G communications technology. In 2008, the South Korean IT R&D program of "5G mobile communication systems based on beam-division multiple access and relays with group cooperation" was formed. In August 2012, New York University founded NYU Wireless, a multi-disciplinary academic research centre that has conducted pioneering work in 5G wireless communications. On October 8, 2012, the UK's University of Surrey secured £35M for a new 5G research centre, jointly funded by the British government's UK Research Partnership Investment Fund (UKRPIF) and a consortium of key international mobile operators and infrastructure providers, including Huawei, Samsung, Telefonica Europe, Fujitsu Laboratories Europe, Rohde & Schwarz, and Aircom International. It will offer testing facilities to mobile operators keen to develop a mobile standard that uses less energy and less radio spectrum, while delivering speeds faster than current 4G with aspirations for the new technology to be ready within a decade. On November 1, 2012, the EU project "Mobile and wireless communications Enablers for the Twenty-twenty Information Society" (METIS) started its activity toward the definition of 5G. METIS achieved an early global consensus on these systems. In this sense, METIS played an important role of building consensus among other external major stakeholders prior to global standardization activities. This was done by initiating and addressing work in relevant global fora (e.g. ITU-R), as well as in national and regional regulatory bodies. Also in November 2012, the iJOIN EU project was launched, focusing on "small cell" technology, which is of key importance for taking advantage of limited and strategic resources, such as the radio wave spectrum. According to Günther Oettinger, the European Commissioner for Digital Economy and Society (2014–2019), "an innovative utilization of spectrum" is one of the key factors at the heart of 5G success. Oettinger further described it as "the essential resource for the wireless connectivity of which 5G will be the main driver".[136] iJOIN was selected by the European Commission as one of the pioneering 5G research projects to showcase early results on this technology at the Mobile World Congress 2015 (Barcelona, Spain). In February 2013, ITU-R Working Party 5D (WP 5D) started two study items: (1) Study on IMT Vision for 2020 and beyond, and; (2) Study on future technology trends for terrestrial IMT systems. Both aiming at having a better understanding of future technical aspects of mobile communications toward the definition of the next generation mobile. On May 12, 2013, Samsung Electronics stated that they had developed a "5G" system. The core technology has a maximum speed of tens of Gbit/s (gigabits per second). In testing, the transfer speeds for the "5G" network sent data at 1.056 Gbit/s to a distance of up to 2 kilometers with the use of an 8*8 MIMO. In July 2013, India and Israel agreed to work jointly on development of fifth generation (5G) telecom technologies. On October 1, 2013, NTT (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone), the same company to launch the world's first 5G network in Japan, won the Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications Award at CEATEC for 5G R&D efforts. On November 6, 2013, Huawei announced plans to invest a minimum of $600 million into R&D for next generation 5G networks capable of speeds 100 times faster than modern LTE networks. On April 3, 2019, South Korea became the first country to adopt 5G. Just hours later, Verizon launched its 5G services in the United States, and disputed South Korea's claim of becoming the world's first country with a 5G network, because allegedly, South Korea's 5G service was launched initially for just six South Korean celebrities so that South Korea could claim the title of having the world's first 5G network.[144] In fact, the three main South Korean telecommunication companies (SK Telecom, KT, and LG Uplus) added more than 40,000 users to their 5G network on the launch day. In June 2019, Philippines became the first in Southeast Asia to roll out 5G network after Globe Telecom commercially launched its 5G data plans to customers. AT&T bring 5G service to consumers and businesses in December 2019 ahead of plans to offer nationwide[which?] 5G in the first half of 2020. On November 12, 2019 a declaration between Austria and Belarus was signed with the participation of A1 in Vienna, which implies assistance in information and communication technology for boosting the development of broadband and digital technology, including 5G. On January 23, 2020 the company MTS Belarus launched the test zones of 5G NSA network in Minsk at frequencies in the band between 3600 and 3700 MHz. The demonstration zone is working on the operator’s infrastructure based on Huawei and Cisco equipment. On February 27, 2020 a Memorandum of cooperation was signed in the Chinese-Belarusian Great Stone Industrial Park, in terms of which Huawei became the equipment supplier for constructing the exemplary 5G zone. On May 22, 2020 A1 in partnership with ZTE launched in test mode the first 5G SA network in the Belarus in the Oktyabr’skaya square in Minsk, and on May 25 it made the first call in the CIS by means of VoNR (Voice over New Radio) technology for the 5G burst transmission of voice. The 5G test network by A1 is working in the band of 3,5 GHz. On May 22, 2020 the company MTS Belarus launched the pioneer 5G SA network in 2 bands — at 1800 MHz and 3500 MHz in the Minsk-arena sport center. On May 28, 2020 the belarussion infrastructure operator beCloud launched in test mode the 5G NSA network in the bands of 3500 MHz and 2600 MHz. The pilot zone was deployed in Minsk and consists of 20 basic stations. Other applications Automobiles 5G Automotive Association has been promoting the C-V2X communication technology that will first be deployed in 4G. It provides for communication between vehicles and communication between vehicles and infrastructures. Public safety Mission-critical push-to-talk (MCPTT) and mission-critical video and data are expected to be furthered in 5G. Fixed wireless Fixed wireless connections will offer an alternative to fixed line broadband (ADSL, VDSL, Fiber optic, and DOCSIS connections) in some locations.Wireless video transmission for broadcast applications Sony has tested the possibility of using local 5G networks to replace the SDI cables currently used in broadcast camcorders. CONCLUSION TO BERKELEY REPORT ON AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLES DRIVEN BY 5G 5 Conclusions and Policy Implications 26. The previous sections have discussed the very substantial social and sales-enabling benefits stemming from the application of 5G technology in the automotive industry. These benefits may amount to trillions of dollars annually for the U.S. economy (as an example) from increased productivity (e.g., saved commute times, and ability to work and process information while commuting in the car); increased environmental quality, which has a dollar value in its own right; and reductions in traffic collisions and fatality rates. Beyond this, we have discussed the sales enablement effects—the 5G-enabled increase in sales of the automotive sector, key using sectors, and the upstream sectors that form the “supply chain” of the automotive sector. Beyond this, of course, there will be significant changes—likely with huge consumer conveniences and social savings, but with unpredictable impacts on which some firms “win” and other firms “lose.” The advent of “Mobility-as-a-service”, for instance, promises to change patterns of car ownership and commuting, but with potential impacts on existing conventional models of ownership and provision of transportation. The car as an ever-richer “connected” environment also offers challenges and opportunities for firms; but is likely to be highly beneficial for consumers and society. 27. Are there constructive policies that can ensure and even accelerate the realisation of these benefits? It is obvious that public policy must not stand in the way of the fundamental research and development activity currently underway to facilitate the ultra-reliable and ultra-low latency systems that 5G enables. Economic literature demonstrates that social returns from key innovations dominate private returns—that is, what society gets by way of additional value from these innovations far exceeds the value that the innovator is able to realize.15 This fundamental facet of innovation means that great care must be taken to ensure that policy interventions in the area of intellectual property are appropriately aware of the risk that socially valuable innovation is foregone because policy interventions create wariness among innovators about their ability to recognize appropriate value for their contributions to standards. Inasmuch as much of the technology must be licensed for it to impact standards and have impact, licensors must be fairly rewarded or the R&D spigot will quietly close and downstream implementers suffer too. 28. At a more focused level, some proposed policy measures that could facilitate the benefits discussed above are: (a) requiring or incentivizing the co-installation of fiber and power as a routine part of road repair works—this would facilitate the emergence of intelligent transportation systems that utilize cellular mobile connectivity; (b) requiring V2X equipment in cars for certification purposes; (c) lanes and parking spaces for autonomous vehicles, e.g., lanes for cars equipped with vehicle-to-infrastructure and vehicle-to-vehicle communications that are able to “platoon”, (d) improved location accuracy requirements for calls and data transmission from wireless devices, and (e) faster speed limits for autonomous cars. 15 This economic literature goes back many decades. Two pioneering studies in this regard are: Griliches, Z. (1957), “Hybrid Corn: An Exploration in the Economics of Technological Change”, Econometrica, Volume 25, Number 4, pp.501-522; and Mansfield, E., J.Rapaport, A. Romeo, S. Wagner and G. Beardsley (1977), “Social and Private Rates of Return from Industrial Innovations, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Volume 91, Issue 2, pp.221-40. 13 29. Finally, spectrum regulatory policies also have an enabling role to play. The 5.9 GHz spectrum band is being considered globally for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and safety applications – and also for the above mentioned V2X communications. In Europe, for example, the 3.5 GHz spectrum is useful for augmenting V2X operation in 5.9 GHz to support network-based 5G automotive use cases with high bit-rate usage, thus supporting many broader industrial and consumer-oriented applications. Given the “mission critical” nature of some automotive applications, timely release of a sufficient amount of dedicated spectrum for ITS would appear to take on importance in this case especially in view of the future of connected and automated driving. The re-use of ITS infrastructure by mobile operators deploying 5G, perhaps even through collaborative efforts that overcome any hurdles related to the business case for such deployments, would be other important policy measures that would foster the benefits we discuss above. CONCLUSION It was my pleasure bringing you another series on a current topic affecting our universe. You are responsible for what you know and continue to keep yourself update. You might also want to get in the inventive mode. As I leave this month I want to leave with Beresford Hammond the man with the velvet voice - Putting up a Resistance.

This is me Raphleta, Lillene’s baby girl coming to you from Milwaukee, Wisconsin. COMMON 5G TECHNOLOGY TERMS Asia Pacific Telecommunity for the Asia Pacific (APAC) Augmented Reality (AR) Code Division Multiple Access CDMA) Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) European Union (EU) Federal Communication Commission (FCC) Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) Gigabit Per second (Gbps) Global Link Model (GLM) Intellectual Property (IP) International Telecommunications Union (ITU) International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities, Revision 4 system (ISIC) Licensed-Assisted access (LAA) Licensed Shared Access (LSA) Long Term Evolution (LTE) Massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC). Machine-to-machine (M2M) Millimetre Wave (mmWave) Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) Massive Internet of Things (MIoT) Mission Critical Services (MCS). Mobile Broadband (MBB) Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) Next Generation Fronthaul Interface -( NGFI-I) Non-Standalone (NSA) Standalone (SA) The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC) Virtual Reality (VR) Wi-Fi link aggregation (LWA) REFERENCES 5G - Wikipedia 5G Mobile: Disrupting the Automotive Sector

5G TECHNOLOGY: THE NEW MANNA

Original Link

INTRODUCTION Mon peuple it was that time of the month. How are you feeling? It’s Raining by Marvia Providence. It is that time of the month It was that time of the month again people. I can no longer say that Blog time is warfare time. It is now continuous warfare now that there are many out of work politicians in Jamaica. I will deal with all of that in a separate post reminding the People’s National Party that in 2011 when I returned to Jamaica and sought official membership of the party and the Portia Simpson-Miller government in 2011 not only did they double the membership fee but they ran me from their Old Hope Road head office. I would like for these lame Jamaican politicians to advise me why they are following me all over the world. On to matters more sublime, I am on a bus heading from Nashville International Airport (BAN) every airport has their own unique symbol Detroit (TDW) and Pearson in Toronto is (YYZ) etc left for the September 18 but you know the transportation system in the USA even with the Greyhound, atrocious. The Regional bus does not run on a weekend and does two trips during the week. We will not complain it is saving us hundreds of dollars on Greyhound. Now you see why people do not want public transportation to expand. As I have already written in another blog you cannot complain about what you tolerate. I was extremely lenient with the people in Chicago, Detroit, Louisville, Kentucky because when I looked at their low estate I was terribly sorry for them. I did think of it many times. When they would harass me at Rosemont Station I would stand and look across the street at the Fire Station and look to the left and see the Hyatt regency Hotel which belonged to the Governor of the State. Then I would look to the right and there was the Westin Hotel and the Business District. My motto in life is that you do not kick a man when he is down. Between homelessness, obesity, alcoholism, drugs, over medication, sloppy and untidy they are almost beaten. However, that does not augur well for me because they thought I was a walkover. I had to show them why the police in Europe left me when I was demonstrating before the Hall of Nations in Geneva, before the Nationale Assemblee in Paris, Reichstag in Berlin, HauptBahnhof in Munich, International Criminal Court (ICC) in the Hague, the Central Train Stations in Amsterdam and Brussels and Trafalgar Square in London just to name a few. The bus people in Nashville decided to mess with me one lady with her head wrapped stopped the bus and took a 30 minutes break at the penultimate stop on the route. Then they sent another driver on the return trip especially for me. She had on no uniform. At the most convenient stop I came off because as in Detroit I want no Jezebelic spirit to deal with I have enough of them pursuing me. Then in the night they decided to bring the police in the matter threatening me with arrest. My crime was I was riding on the same bus twice. The crooks and criminals in their operations can do it but I am not allowed. The Security Guards came then the police, and the little Ahab like Supervisor came. He told me I could take the next trip. Then the big fat Jezebel Supervisor came (black woman of course) ‘You are not riding, you are not riding on this trip or the next trip or for the rest of the night or any other bus.’ Of course I bowed on my knees before her and said you said ‘your highness.’ Then having had the lackeys to do his work the white Manager told me that I had to leave which was reinforced by the white police man. I asked about my refund for my $4.00 day pass. Your ‘highness’ said there will be no refund. I said okay and I left. I walked through the Bicentennial Monument and Park towards the flea market. I found a nice green patch of grass. I spread my coat and lay down. Then it hit me Raphleta, you have only yourself to blame, you know that you are dealing with criminals and that anything you tolerate only magnifies. The Pakistanis and Indians even stole my panty and destroyed one in Ashland, Kentucky. I fell asleep while waiting at 2:35 a.m. Greyhound bus to come. The Baron bus that passed through earlier my laundry was airing out so they decided to leave with my panty on moving out. I decided to deal with the matter most decisively in Nashville. Having come to a decision I started to explore the city. I ended up walking to the riverfront in a very circuitous route. I ended up passing the Stock Yards and passing the (I nearly said leper’s colony) but it was the homeless colony under the bridge along the riverfront. Then I found another one by Church Street where it began at the riverfront and I walked all the way down to Broadway, the street of action. Across the river was the Nissan Stadium. I sat by the Information Centre and had quite a number of visitors in the night including the police. I headed downtown to the Transit Centre in the morning. I had an extra sheet of cartridge paper from my many protests. I went to Walmart and paid taxes on my fruits without a murmur. I placarded the city on Saturday and it was not a very nice placard. There are a number of lessons coming out of this not only in the USA but also on the world scene. This is what is destroying the political and social fibre of society. Any society which has strong men with strong self concept is automatically a strong society because that is the order of God. God, the man, the woman and the children. However, I am observing a strong spirit of Ahab, which is actually transforming women into Jezebels. They are putting women in the front to do the fighting. Then they claim the spoils. What took place in MTA, Nashville at Wyatt Drive is just a microcosm of what is taking place in the rest of the world. I was reading the Guardian online and saw the women from Belarus fighting with the policemen. Where were the men? Then I hear people talking about we need more women in politics. Really!What we need are more men with strong integrity and character to make ethical decisions. You only have to look to Europe to confirm what I am saying. Panty wearing men and underpants wearing women who want to evangelize the world with their perverted doctrines.The fact that they are trying to use children to advance even the fight on environmental issues. They returned Greta Thunberg to school and then I saw them having children in Portugal taking out a lawsuit on environmental changes. Where in the Bible have we seen God put women and children in the front? The only time we saw a lady in the front of battle Deborah, was because of the insecurity of the man Barak Judges 4 verses 6 - 22. In Jamaica I hear people talking about the record number of women in Parliament and in the senate. Jamaica beware! Is this the time we have had the lowest representation of the polls? Is this the best representation male or female that Jamaica has to offer? I leave you to answer those questions. As for me and my house we do not mind following 100 ft. behind a secure man of God because if he is really secure and a Man of God he will want us to walk beside him. After I gave the people of Tennessee a little taste of who I am, their faces became long and they brought out their garbage truck which says ‘No One Trashes Tennessee’. I said to myself that was before you met Raphleta. On Sunday, when I went to the Walmart at Chesapeake Hill on Route 23 they were prepared for me with the police. They supposedly did not want me to stay up there because there were no Pakistanis or Indians on that side of the world as on the 52, 52A, 52B, 52S routes . That was the exact reason why I left that side too many of them. I have to be asking for the first time anywhere in the world I am being charged tax on fruits and vegetables. When I questioned it one lady in the Walmart advised that Nashville charges taxes on everything including fruits and vegetables. Not even in Europe was this done. I have some research into Sales Taxes in the United States. I have kept all my bills. Even the Dollar Tree in Detroit ( if anybody should be charging taxes it should be Detroit) was I charged taxes. All the Dollar Tree stores here in Nashville are charging me taxes. At the Walmart they asked me to leave my bags at the door. I told them they were all crooks including the police and left. I went behind the Walmart to dry my laundry and do my devotion since it was Sunday morning. The Security Guard came and advised that I could not stay. I went behind the barbed wire fence and hung my laundry on the fence including my panty and placed my placard under my laundry. I saw a trail and ignored it and camped under a tree. Trust Raphleta to find herself in another situation. Seems some veterans decided they could not take society anymore, they built their camps in the bushes behind the fence near the Walmart. They were near enough to civilization but not too near to be bothered, Far from the Maddening Crowd. Anyway the Nazis and Mafias decided to start using one of them against me to pull down my sign and disturb my peace with their set piece. When they saw it was not working they left me alone. Of course their ambulance etc. was waiting in the background. The gentleman told me I did not like white people. I said all my beliefs are in my Blog go and read it. Then he asked if I like sex? I said I do not have to ask you white people. You love it so much you have gone to the anus, even having homosexual in the army. One gentleman in the bushes came up and then everything stopped. It is amazing to me these days that people are so desperate that all you have to do is to be offered some money. No questions are necessary and no research is done even though the research is as far away as your Smartphone. I returned later to Walmart and bought my things without a whimper from anyone, they just turned off their computer on me. I paid them no mind. Of course every time I go into Walmart the computers that I would buy are out of stock. Today I went into the store and a little fellow with earring in his ears told me the ‘Special Buy’ for $199 was out of stock. I had to literally dig the information out of him. Could you please scan the barcode and let me know the price? I said I need to actually see in the cupboard that you are out of stock? He kept looking at me. I said I had no intention of dealing anymore with any man who wears earrings that is why they sent you in the first place; they know you will tell the lies. Brings me to the gall of these worthless Pakistanis and Indians! On Saturday, one gentleman came to me at the bus stop and wanted to show me his leg. He had the gall to be touching me. I said do not touch me I had to repeat it a number of times. I am not interested in anything you have to say. The Pakistanis and Indians justify their actions because they are the only ones suffering. Atrocities are not being committed on a daily basis in Africa. As for me it is chlorophyll I have running through my veins based on Darwin’s Theory one of these days I am going to photosynthesize into a tree because my daughter and I are not humans. If any of you Nazis and Mafias and your cohorts come near me I will do you like Phineas, the son of Eleazar, the grandson of Aaron did to the man and his pregnant concubine who were defiling the camp of Israel Numbers 25 verses 6 – 11. You are all defiling my presence with your criminality. Everywhere I go all these recycled criminals and never do well people who will do anything for a cigarette. It is 12 a.m. and I am in a Wendy’s at a Pilot gas station in Dickson, Tennessee. I left Nashville at 4:50 p.m. They did not run the first trip at 4:10 p.m. because they did not want me to arrive early in the city. I was dropped at a Walmart and listened to a sermon by Pastor Mensa Otabil ‘What are you Running After’ . Then I got my cart and started walking towards Centreville leaving all that I bought right there in the store. The gold plated knife I bought for forty five cents must have been the problem. First time I have seen a knife for such a low cost. It looked like providence because I had a funny feeling about that forty five cents gold plated knife I bought. I decided I had walked too far to turn back. I could get a needle and thread at another store on my way. I went to the Junction of highways I40 and T46 to bomb a ride to no avail. I left the corner at 11:30 p.m. to get a cup of tea at the Pilots and rest my legs. The Nazis and Mafias must have their crooked Psychiatrists all over the place having people harassed at all times. Can you imagine people want to tell me to eat hamburgers at 12 a.m. in the morning? I do not know what kind of craziness is that. Sick white people! They are all over the place. We black people have been putting up with them so long it has become a habit to them to want to dictate to all of us. This reminds me that in terms of interpersonal relationship in comparison to the southern part of the United States, the northern part is the pits. The Democrats need to change their stinking thinking. They remind me of the Jamaica Labour Party in Jamaica, very coarse and uncouth. Did I tell you people? I saw a towering branch of UBS right there in the middle of Centreville, Nashville. It is too much, but actions cannot lie, birds of a feather flock together. Lovers of Mammon all. Remember the book Lucifer’s Banker. I analysed that one on FaceBook. It also speaks to the fact that a lot of money is in Nashville, the Swiss would not be there if it was not so. This is the first one I am seeing outside of New York. What is it with all these bars on wheels in the streets? People, in the middle of the Sunday morning in Detroit the people are pedaling, drinking and singing at the top of their voices. Then when I reached Nashville, they had all these trucks with men and women gyrating, nobody observing any social distance and drinking. Then when I went to find a nice quiet spot to read my Bible and commune with my God I am being evaluated because I am supposed to be mad; you already know that I am being followed by nothing but criminals. Gyrating, gallivanting and singing loudly on a truck back while you consume alcohol is not crazy but finding a nice quiet spot to read is??? Churches are all locked tightly! Churches do you see why we need to take back our individual societies before it is too late. I really need to share this unpleasant experience, coming out of Cleveland the Greyhound went to Cincinnati, then to Columbus. There I was waiting for my connection to Huntington, West Virginia. The Greyhound people had one whole cadre of Psychologists or Psychiatrists all over the place examining me when we should be loading the bus to leave. They also did this foolishness when I was on my way to Louisville. Then the second time around they went to Cincinnati with the same foolishness. In Louisville, Kentucky Greyhound wanted to charge me ten dollars to print an e-ticket. I said you can charge me USA one hundred dollars. I want a receipt to get back my money. Constant hassle with the Greyhound for the expensive ride. When I saw the cost for Nashville to Tulsa, Oklahoma I said I will bus and walk. Hence, the reason I was in Dickson which did not have any bus apart from the regional bus from Nashville. Now you see why Europe is so rude to everybody. In this Blog we will be exploring the whole area of 5G Technology this technology is still really in the experimental stage. I call it the new manna because as we speak it is still not a given as to the reach of this technology. PART I will be looking mainly at the financial part of the business PART II The Technical Part of the business REFLECTIONS This 5G Technology promises to be really very revolutionary. We do not want to play catch up like we did with Cloud Technology so right from the outset let us familiarize ourselves with the jargon. At present most of the literature is predictive. Let us not be caught flat footed especially in the emerging economies. CRITICAL DEFINITIONS The definitions this month is going to be more extensive because of the technical nature of the subject matter. Most of you are walking around with a very powerful instrument in your arm in the form of your cellular telephone and are not aware of the capabilities. That is why some person can use the same instrument and make applications where they earn millions and billions of dollars and all you use it for is social media and silly conversations. Yuh cook yet, the pot finish! Wey yuh sey? (Have you cooked as yet, is the pot finished cooking! What did you say?) 5G - 5G is the fifth generation mobile network. It is a new global wireless standard after 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G networks. 5G enables a new kind of network that is designed to connect virtually everyone and everything together including machines, objects and devices. 5G wireless technology is meant to deliver higher multi-Gigabit Per second (Gbps) peak data speeds, ultra low latency, more reliability, massive network capacity, increased availability, and a more uniform user experience to more users. Higher performance and improved efficiency empower new user experiences and connects new industries. Invention of 5G - No one company or person owns 5G, but there are several companies within the mobile ecosystem that are contributing to bringing 5G to life. Qualcomm has played a major role. The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), the industry organization that defines the global specifications for 3G UMTS (including HSPA), 4G LTE, and 5G technologies. Underlying Technologies of 5G - 5G is based on OFDM ( Orthogonal Frequency - Division Multiplexing) a method of modulating a digital signal across several different channels to reduce interference. 5G uses 5G NR air interface alongside OFDM principles. 5G also uses wider bandwidth technologies such as sub 6 GHz and millimetreWave (mmWave). Like 4G LTE, 5G OFDM operates based on the same mobile networking principles. However, the new 5G NR air interface can further enhance OFDM to deliver a much higher degree of flexibility and scalability. This could provide more 5G access to more people and things for a variety of different use cases. 5G will bring wider bandwidths by expanding the usage of spectrum resources, from sub-3GHz used in 4G to 100 GHz and beyond. 5G can operate in both lower bands (e.g., sub-6 GHz) as well as mmWave (e.g. 24 GHz and up) which will bring extreme capacity, multi-Gbps throughput, and low latency. 5G is designed to not only deliver faster, better mobile broadband services compared to 4G LTE, but can also expand into new service areas such as mission-critical communications and connecting the massive IoT. This is enabled by many new 5G NR air interface design techniques, such as a new self contained TDD The differences between the previous generations of mobile networks and 5G - The previous generations of mobile networks are 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G. First generation - 1G 1980s: 1G delivered analog voice. Second generation - 2G Early 1990s: 2G introduced digital voice (e.g. CDMA- Code Division Multiple Access). Third generation - 3G Early 2000s: 3G brought mobile data (e.g. CDMA2000). Fourth generation - 4G LTE 2010s: 4G LTE ushered in the era of mobile broadband. 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G all led to 5G, which is designed to provide more connectivity than was ever available before. 5G is a unified, more capable air interface. It has been designed with an extended capacity to enable next-generation user experiences, empower new deployment models and deliver new services. With high speeds, superior reliability and negligible latency, 5G will expand the mobile ecosystem into new realms. 5G will impact every industry, making safer transportation, remote healthcare, precision agriculture, digitized logistics — and more — a reality. Latency - (computing) the delay before a transfer of data begins following an instruction for its transfer. (How long it takes to transfer data between machines) Nascent - just coming into existence and beginning to display signs of future potential. Ubiquity - the fact of appearing everywhere or of being very common (pervasive). Technology - the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry. Manna- 1 a: food miraculously supplied to the Israelites in their journey through the wilderness b: divinely supplied spiritual nourishment c: a usually sudden and unexpected source of gratification, pleasure, or gain. 3GPP's 5G logo The printing press, The internet, Electricity, The Steam Engine, The Telegraph, Each of these discoveries or inventions is part of an elite class of socioeconomic mainsprings known as general purpose technologies (GPTs). Established through pervasive adoption across multiple industries, GPTs are often catalysts for transformative changes that redefine work processes and rewrite the rules of competitive economic advantage. The profound effects arising from these innovations range widely, from the positive impacts for human and machine productivity to ultimately elevating the living standards for people around the world. IHS Markit views 5G as a catalyst that will thrust mobile technology into the exclusive realm of GPTs. In the 2017 edition of this landmark study and now for the 2019 update, IHS Markit evaluated the potential of 21 unique 5G use cases that will affect productivity and enhance economic activity across the broad range of industry sectors. IHS Markit further examined the central role the 5G value chain will play in continually strengthening and expanding the mobile technology platform. Finally, IHS Markit determined the net contribution of 5G to positive, sustainable global economic growth. While this study focuses on long term economic contributions of 5G, it is important to recognize that the 5G economy is beginning to emerge, and since the 2017 study, numerous deployments of commercial 5G have launched, creating the potential for economic contributions of 5G, it is important to recognize that the 5Geconomy is beginning to emerge, and since the 2017 study, numerous deployments of commercial 5G have launched, creating the potential for economic contributions starting in 2020. Economic Impact Compared to the 2017 study, the 2035 forecast for 5G Technology’s impact on global economic output has increased by -$1 trillion due, in a large part, to the early completion of the first 5G standard and the resulting earlier-than-anticipated commercial 5G launches by major operators. In 2035, 5G will enable $13.2 trillion of global economic output. That is nearly equivalent in current dollars to US consumer spending ($13.9 trillion)and the combined spending by consumers in China, Japan, Germany, UK, and France ($13.4 trillion) in 2018. The Global 5G value chain will generate $3.6 trillion in economic output and support 22.3 million jobs in 2035. This is approximately the combined revenue of the top-10 companies on the 2019 Fortune Global 1000-a list that includes Walmart, Sinopec Group, Royal Dutch Shell, China National Petroleum, state Grid, Saudi Aramco BP, ExxonMobil, Volkswagen and Toyota. Fortune estimates these companies employ almost 6.5 million workers. Thus, for the same level of output, the 5G value will support 3.4 times as many jobs. The 5G value chain will invest an average of $235 billion annually to continually expand and strengthen the 5G technology base within network and business application infrastructure. This figure represents nearly 80% of total US Federal, state and local government spending on transportation infrastructure in 2017. The investment in and deployment of 5Gwill fuel sustainable long-term returns to global real GDP. For the study period of 2020 - 2025, 5G’s stream of annual contributions to real global GDP yields a net present value of $2.1 trillion, equivalent to the present-day size of Italy’s economy, currently the eight-largest in the world. Monetary base is 2016 US dollars. To date, mobile technology has progressed from a predominantly people-to-people platform (3G) toward people-to-information connectivity on a global scale (4G). 5G can leverage and extend the research and development (R&D) and capital investments made in prior mobile technologies to advance mobile to a platform that delivers the much-needed ubiquity, low latency and adaptability required for future uses. 5G will make possible new classes of advanced applications, foster business innovation and spur economic growth. The emergence of 5G is a fulcrum in the evolution of mobile technology from a technology that had a transformative impact on personal communications to a true GPT that promises to transform entire industries and economies. The Use of 5G Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) Two key facets of eMBB will drive adoption and value creation in the 5G economy. The first is extending cellular coverage into a broader range of structures including office buildings, industrial parks, shopping malls, and large venues. The second is improved capacity to handle a significantly greater number of devices using high volumes of data, especially in localized areas. These improvements to the network will enable more efficient data transmission, resulting in lower cost-per-bit for data transmission which will be an important driver for increased use of broadband applications on mobile networks. Massive Internet of Things (MIoT) 5G will build upon earlier investments in traditional Machine-to-machine (M2M) and IoT applications to enable significant increases in economies of scale that drive adoption and utilization across all sectors. 5G’s improved low power requirements, the ability to operate in licensed and unlicensed spectrum, and its ability to provide deeper and more flexible coverage will drive significantly lower costs within MIoT settings. This will in turn enable the scale of massive IoT and will drive much greater uptake of mobile technologies to address MIoT applications. Mission Critical Services (MCS) MCS represents a new market opportunity for mobile technology. This significant growth area for 5G will support applications that require high reliability, ultra-low latency connectivity with strong security and availability. This will allow wireless technology to provide an ultra-reliable connection that is indistinguishable from wireless to support applications such as autonomous vehicles and remote operation of complex automation equipment where failure is not an option. 5G WILL TRANSFORM MOBILE INTO A GPT Following an incubation period, a GPT hits an adoption tipping point that leads to transformational, and often disruptive, changes to industries and entire economies. GPTs share some common attributes, including pervasive use across many industries, continual improvement over time, and the ability to spawn new innovations. GPTs lead to deep and sustained impacts across a broad range of industries that often redefine economic competitiveness and transform societies. IHS Markit anticipates that as 5G technology advances and becomes embedded within devices, machines, and processes, wireless communication will be elevated to the pantheon of GPTs. Digital mobile technology has steadily progressed from interconnecting people to serving up the data people depend on in both their personal and professional lives. For example, mobile technology is often cited as playing a basic yet essential role in connecting remote citizens in emerging economies to vital services, such as the rise of mobile banking in Nigeria. Accordingly, many of the advancements in mobile technology to date have delivered the increasingly higher bandwidth necessary to provide nearly ubiquitous voice and data coverage. While some M2M and early IoT applications have emerged, these typically employ older technologies for specific use cases. Driven by media and investor hype for companies at mobile vanguards such as Uber, mobile technologies are still primarily used to address consumer and enterprise use cases and have yet to make significant inroads in radically transforming the industrial or public sectors of economies. While these early mobile generations have been foundational for mobile technology’s journey to ubiquity. 5G will be the technology platform that connects cars and cities, hospitals and homes and people to everything around them in more meaningful ways. Legacy cellular technologies (2G, 3G and 4G) currently enable a range of connected car applications such as Wi-fi internet, infotainment, usage-based insurance, engine monitoring and many others. With 5G, connected cars will also be able to communicate with other cars and roadside infrastructure , such as traffic lights. The planned advancements for 5G are expected to explicitly address the incredibly diverse set of use cases present inIoT. Different aspects of the standard are being ‘purpose built’ to address MIoT-type applications, as well as mission-critical use cases that include autonomous vehicles, industrial automation, and telehealth. This expansion of capabilities is being implemented as part of one unified design, which means that the same 5G infrastructure can be used to support a wide range of use cases. The widening diffusion across industries and processes where wireless currently has limited penetration will position mobile technologies for a deep and sustained impact across a broad range of sectors. The 5G economy will introduce a new level of complexity to policy making and regulation as new business models emerge and the old ways of delivering goods and services are either dramatically altered or abandoned completely. Areas where policy and regulatory modernization will be required for a 5G-ready world include public safety; cybersecurity; privacy; spectrum allocation; public infrastructure; healthcare; spectrum licensing and permitting and education, training, and development. The challenge for policy makers in the 5G economy is that they must be prepared to address the ubiquity of 5G in everyday life Without creating regimes that stunt the continued innovation that will be critical to the success of the 5G economy. Policies that safeguard the ability of firms to take risks, make investments, and continue the relentless pursuit of innovation-particularly rules governing intellectual property protection-are the optimal vehicle for leveraging and capturing the full value of the 5G economy. By 2035, the ubiquity of 5G will result in impacts that advance beyond the capability of existing technologies, platforms, and industries, yet the proliferation of 3G and 4G mobile technology provide important analogs as the 5G economy blossoms. As large as 5G private-sector-led investment is expected to be, it is nonetheless, additive to the infrastructure investment and R&D spending that was preceded by 3G and 4G. The prospect of 5G ubiquity is a continuum of 3G and 4G investments that emerge from technology and spectrum licensing dynamics that incentivized R&D and big economic wagers on the prospect of an increasingly wireless reliant economy. Policies and incentives that encourage investments and the availability of risk capital, aided by strong intellectual property protections, will remain the hospitable environment that will allow the 5G economy to flourish. The HIS Markit analysis of the 5G economy assesses both a technology perspective-how 5G improves upon existing and enables new use cases-and how 5G technology will impact the global economy. Ultimately, the test of any investment is how much it improves the quality of life globally. The HIS Markit analysis documents how 5G technology will improve the ability of people and machines to interact with each other and more quickly share information to achieve greater return on their time and capital in pursuit of their personal and professional goals and outcomes. The economic effect of new investment, R&D, and technological innovation alone indicates 5G will have a profound and sustained impact on global growth. IHS Markit further asserts that the diffusion of 5G technologies across wide swaths of the global economy represents one of the fundamental contributors to expansion in the global economy over the next two decades. GPTs HAVE PROFOUNDLY CHANGED INDUSTRIES AND ECONOMIES Gutenberg invented the printing press around 1440. Prior to this, books had to be laboriously hand copied one at a time. With the printing press, books could be mass produced, helping spread ideas throughout Europe as it entered the Renaissance in the early 16th century. Before the steam engine, large factories needed to be located near rivers, which were not always reliable sources of power for equipment. The steam engine broke the dependency while also allowing factories to be located closer to raw inputs or transportation routes. Electricity took it a step further. In steam driven factories, equipment still needed to be organized around a system of belts that delivered power. Electricity allowed machinery to be designed with integrated power supplies. This allowed new, more efficient configurations of machines, including the assembly line, which redefined manufacturing practices and competitive dynamics on a global scale. Prior to the widespread use of the telegraph in the 1860s, long-distance communications could travel only as fast as a physical asset could carry a message from point A to point B. The telegraph virtually eliminated the time constraints of long-distance communications, setting the world on the path that led to today’s sophisticated, instantaneous telecommunications infrastructure. Other technologies that qualify as GPTs include rail systems, the automobile and the internet. THE 5G ECONOMY 5G mobile networks represent the next major phase of mobile telecommunications standards beyond the current Long Term Evolution (LTE) standards. 5G technology will do far more than usher in new service opportunities for mobile network operators (MNOs). Indeed, HIS Markit expects 5G will be set as a catalyst that turns mobile into a robust and pervasive platform that fosters the emergence of new business models and transforms industries and companies around the globe. 5G Technology will advance mobile networks by heightening the mobile broadband experience while evolving to address the emergent requirements of Massive Internet of Things (MIoT) and Mission Critical Services (MCS). Initially, 5G deployments are centering on enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) applications that address human-centric needs for access to multimedia content, services, and data. eMBB use cases will include new application areas, requirements for improved performance, and an increasingly seamless user experience beyond what is possible using existing mobile broadband applications. For example, many future wide area coverage applications will require seamless coverage, medium to high quality, and a much improved user data rate compared with existing data rates. Further, eMBB applications may require hotspots, areas characterized by high user density, very high traffic capacity, low mobility, and user data rates higher than that of wide area coverage. These improvements to the network will enable more efficient data transmission, resulting in lower cost per bit for data transmission, which will be an important driver for increased use of broadband applications on mobile networks. As of writing, South Korea’s operators have already attracted 3 million 5G subscriptions since launch in April 2019. The country’s three operators have deployed 5G using both 3.5GHz spectrum and 28GHz millimetre Wave (mm Wave); in Seoul hotspots using mm Wave have been deployed. As integration of 5G progresses, industry and governments-as much as consumers- will be chief drivers of 5G deployments. MCS will include autonomous vehicles, many drone applications, and telemedicine. These applications will require ultra-reliable and low latency communications, with stringent requirements for capabilities such as throughput, latency and availability. Many industries and municipalities will also deploy MIoT-applications characterized by large numbers of connected devices typically transmitting relatively low volumes of low-priority data. Enabled by low-cost, long-life modules with sensors and connectivity, MIoT applications will range from asset tracking to smart cities to the monitoring of utilities and vital infrastructure. HIS Markit assessed three facets of potential economic contribution 5G could make to the global economy by 2035, assuming the regulatory environment is favorable to growth. They are: Potential sales of products and services that will be enabled by the pervasive use of 5G across a broad spectrum of industries to optimize their core processes and establish new business models. A vibrant 5G value chain will continue to deepen the underlying 5G technology base through focused R&D efforts, infrastructure investments, and application development. Mobile technology enhanced by 5G holds the potential to drive long-term, sustainable growth of global GDP-the ultimate gauge of healthy economic progress. When at the cusp of an era that promises transformational technological change and a revamping of countless activities within everyday life, public policy is often strained to keep pace with technology advancements. The 5G economy will introduce a new level of complexity to policy making and regulation as new business models emerge and the old ways of delivering goods and services are either dramatically altered or abandoned completely. In the 4G era, the policy changes born of the ‘sharing economy’ with disruptors such as Lyft and Airbnb are emblematic of the nascent tidal wave of policy challenges that will emerge in the 5G economy. To realize the economic potential of the 5G economy, it will be necessary to continue the investment and R&D that are already driving innovation and advancing this new generation of technology. An understanding of the need for swift progress was evidenced by the initial 5G standard being completed ahead of schedule. Hastening the ongoing journey to the 5G economy requires that policymaking bodies: Enable firms to make long-term investments and R&D Engender public-private co-operation on development of 5G standards Ensure regulation and permitting keep pace with the rate of innovation The challenge for policy makers in the 5G economy is that they must be prepared to address the ubiquity of 5G in everyday life without creating regimes that stunt continued innovation. This was less the case in prior generations of wireless technology that addressed the requirements of voice, data, and digital content via mobile devices. As 5G diffuses across home and business, leisure and workplace activity, and public and private spaces, modernization of policy becomes essential. Furthermore, policymaking will be affected at all levels of government-national, state/provincial, and local. The pervasiveness of 5G technology and pace of technology change evident in the use cases outlined in this study; place an even greater burden on policymakers to try to keep up with the ways that 5G will transform lives and industries. Public safety; cyber security, privacy, public infrastructure; healthcare, spectrum licensing and permitting; and education; training; and development are merely a few of the areas where policy and regulatory modernization are required for a 5G-ready world. In summary, while consumers and industry have voted with their spending with respect to integrating more technology into day-to-day existence, policymakers will be under new challenges to adapt policies and regulations to the many innovations engendered by 5G technology. In the mid-20th century, government investment led the way in transforming the global economy through massive investments in public infrastructure. Early in the 21st century, private investment in technology infrastructure is shaping how goods and services are delivered, and private investment will likely continue to transform the global economy. Policy frameworks that safeguard the ability of firms to take risks, make investments, and continue the relentless pursuit of innovation are important vehicles for continuing on the path to the 5G economy and ensuring growth. On the trek to the 5G economy, policymakers should ensure adequate intellectual property protections for standardized technology in order for growth to materialize over the investment cycle. Firms at the vanguard of 3G and 4G mobile technology invested heavily in R&D based on an investment risk calculus that factored in adequate intellectual property protections for innovations. To realize the investment and economic potential of the 5G economy, similar conditions that stimulate continued R&D and risk capital must endure. 5G TECHNOLOGY AND USE CASES 5G Overview 5G mobile networks are the focus of mobile telecommunication standards now that LTE is inching toward a decade of deployment and the planned improvements have been released. Since the 2017 edition of this study, LTE Advanced (LTE-A) and LTE Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro) standards were completed and are essential building blocks for 5G. Additionally, the first 5G standard, Release 15, was completed ahead of schedule, in 2018, and will be discussed further below. Each successive generation and mobile network technology has improved to address the voice experience as well as the data throughput, efficiency, and capacity challenges presented by the current set of mobile broadband applications. The current technical roadmap for 5G is expected to take this a step further-not only improving the mobile broadband experience, but also evolving to address the particular requirements of MIoT deployments and MCS use cases. Initially, 5G deployments are centering on enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) and fixed wireless access applications. eMBB addresses the human-centric use cases for access to multimedia content, services, and data. In particular, video is expected to play an important role across a broad range of Mobile Broadband (MBB) devices. One of the key benefits of 5G is that it will also enable mobile networks to operate more efficiently, driving a lower cost per bit for data transmission. This will be critical for mobile network operators to address new use cases that are media and data intensive, such as Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) applications. The eMBB usage scenario will come with new application areas and requirements, in addition to existing mobile broadband applications for improved performance and an increasingly seamless user experience. This covers a range of cases, including wide area coverage and hotspots, which have different requirements. Hotspots are areas with high user density. Very high traffic capacity is needed, the requirement for mobility is low, and the user data rate is higher than that of wide area coverage. Wide area coverages need seamless coverage. Medium to high mobility are desired, with a much improved user data rate compared with existing data rates; however, the data rate requirement might be relaxed compared with hotspots. Beyond the eMBB use cases, the proposed 5G specifications also include features that will significantly extend the capabilities of current mobile and fixed-line technologies. These will allow 5G to address a range of use cases, including MCS and MIoT applications. MCS use cases require ultra-reliable and low latency communications, with stringent requirements for capabilities such as throughput, latency, and availability. Some examples include autonomous vehicles, wireless control of industrial manufacturing or production processes, telemedicine, and distribution automation in a smart grid. While the MCS use cases require extremely high performance, the MIoT use cases are characterized by a very large number of connected devices typically transmitting a relatively low volume of non-delay-sensitive data. Consequently, these devices are required to be low cost and have a very long battery life. There are several important standards efforts underway for 5G. The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) completed Release 15. The first full set of 5G standards in 2018. This release primarily enables eMBB use cases. Future 5G standards based on Release 16 and 17 will be developed in the next few years and address MIoT and MCS requirements. DIAGRAM 1- 5G STANDARDIZATION TIMELINE page 11 There is significant commercial work underway by the entire ICT ecosystem, from chipset and device suppliers to network infrastructure players. As of August 2019, the GSA reported 39 operators who had launched 3GPP 5G services. For the purpose of this study, specifically the issue of looking at an assessment of the economic impact of 5G networks, the decision was made to 2035 as the measurement point. This is based on the following assumptions: The 5G standard development milestones continue to be met The pre-standard development work will accelerate development of 5G capable chipsets and devices Standards-compliant 5G radio access network deployments continue in 2020 and are widely commercially available from 2022 onward Prices on 5G radios for end devices (all types-eMBB, MCS, and MIoT) are very competitive, driven in part by economies of scale Based on these assumptions, HIS Markit expects that, by the year 2035, 5G will have had over 10 years of broad commercial availability. By this point, even the new use cases targeting markets like industrial, which has historically been slower to adopt new technologies, are expected to be in heavy use. 5G Use Cases For this study, HIS Markit assessed the technological diffusion cycle, adoption, and potential long-term economic contribution of 21 foreseeable 5G use cases described below, which fall into the three broad classifications of eMBB, MIoT, and MCS. This is not intended to be an exhaustive list of likely 5G use cases, merely a representative sample that highlights what the technical innovations of 5G will make possible. The following sections provide a brief overview of each use case segment, with a detailed description for all 21 use cases located in Appendix A of this report. Use case adoption timeline variance between this and the 2017 edition are highlighted at the end of each section. Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) Two key facets of eMBB will drive adoption and value creation in the 5G economy. The first is extending cellular coverage into a broader range of structures, including office buildings, industrial parks, shopping malls, and large venues. The second is improved capacity to handle a significantly greater number of devices using high volumes of data, especially in localized areas. The net result of these two improvements is that end users will have an improved, and more consistent, experience using mobile broadband applications regardless of location. Enhanced indoor wireless broadband coverage Enhanced outdoor wireless broadband Fixed wireless broadband deployments Enterprise teamwork/collaboration Training/education Augmented and virtual reality (AR and VR, respectively) Extending mobile computing Enhanced digital signage The eMBB use cases most likely to have a near-term impact. These are largely an extension of the existing 4G value proposition and should see relatively quick uptake in the market as 5G networks become commercially available. While there are going to be significant impacts to global economic activity as a result of the eMBB use cases (such as operators now being able to offer stadium coverage services, AR/VR capabilities and support extended mobile computing), because these are largely enhancements to existing services, the net economic impact of 5G will be less transformative than with the MIoT and MCS cases. Variance between the January 2017 report and this report are limited in eMBB use cases. On the one hand , some operators have taken advantage of the early completion of 5G NSA NR by launching 5G commercial service in 2019. On the other hand, other operators and countries, such as Japan, have engaged in extensive field trials (using mid-band and mm Wave spectrum) ahead of commercial 5G launches in 2020. Operators will benefit from a quickly growing range of 5G handsets coming on stream over the next few years. In its Design Forecast Tool (mobile Handsets, August 2019), HIS Markit forecasts that 22 5G handset models will be introduced in 2019, rising to 119 in 2021 and over 200 in 2023. With its enhanced capacity and available bandwidth, 5G is much better placed to address the requirements of households and businesses than 4G LTE, which failed to gain significant traction as a fixed wireless technology. Nevertheless, the short- and long-term impact of 5G fixed wireless are typically rolling out coverage gradually as they focus on providing a consistent, reliable quality for this new type of service. They are also still working out how best to price 5G fixed wireless (both the service and hardware, customer premise equipment or CPE, elements) including differentiation based on speeds or data allowances. The fragmented nature of the spectrum hands used across the world for 5G fixed wireless access, from sub-6GHz (3.3-3.8GHz) to mm Wave (28GHz and 39GHz), may require the development of region-or-country-specific CPE, inhibiting potential economies of scale. In the long-term, 5G is well placed to address geographical areas where fixed broadband (DSL, cable or FTTP) are either unavailable or supports limited bandwidth: typically, rural or suburban, rather than urban areas that are typically well served by DSL, cable or FTTP. Operators will need to weigh the cost and opportunity of deploying 5G fixed wireless against extending out or upgrading their current fixed broadband networks to uncovered or underserved areas. Massive Internet of Things (MIoT) 5G builds upon earlier investments in M2M and traditional IoT applications to enable significant increases in economies of scale that drive adoption and utilization across all sectors. Improved low-power requirements, the ability to operate in licensed and unlicensed spectrum, and improved coverage will all drive significantly lower costs within the MIoT. This will, in turn, enable the scale of MIoT and will drive much greater uptake of mobile technologies to address MIoT applications: Asset tracking Smart agriculture Smart cities Energy/utility monitoring Physical infrastructure Smart homes Remote monitoring Beacons and connected shoppers The MIoT use cases are where we start to see the transformative impact of 5G. Many of these applications are being serviced today by a mix of older generations of cellular technologies and low power wireless technologies operating in unlicensed spectrum. The roadmap for LTE includes purpose built cellular technologies such as Cat MI (eMTC) and Cat-NBI (NB-IoT), which are starting to incorporate low-power improvements to address the growing cellular IoT market. These technologies are establishing the foundation for 5G MIoT, which will continue to improve upon the extended low-power operation capabilities, as well ad the ability to utilize both licensed and unlicensed spectrum. HIS Markit believes 5G has the potential to address a much larger segment of the M2M and IoT Markets, as well as reducing costs because of economies of scale. The use cases outlined above are expected to see update in the near to medium term, with faster growth once 5G MIoT modules are widely commercially available. There is greater variance between the January 2017 report and this report for MIoT than eMBB. Overall, the ‘ramp-up’ of 5G MIoT has been pushed back, reflecting the postponement of work items related to MIoT among other topics from Release 15 to Release 16 and 17 and the ability of deployed 4G based NB-IoT and eMTC (also known as LTE-M) to address most use cases, NB-IoT and eMTC were standardized in Release 13 in 2016. Subsequently, Releases 14 and 15 added new capabilities around positioning, power consumption and other elements. The number of commercial NB-IoT and eMTC networks now exceeds 140, although less than half of these provide full country coverage. To date, adoption of NB-IoT and eMTC has largely been restricted to use cases such as smart metering and asset management that were historically served by 2G. Wide Scale adoption of the truly massive IoT, including new use cases, is several years off. Extensive field trials will be required to assess the commercial feasibility (return-on-investment) of the most promising new use cases. Mission Critical Services (MCS) MCS represents potentially huge growth area for 5G to support applications that require high reliability, ultra-low latency connectivity with strong security, and availability, including: Autonomous Vehicles Drones Industrial automation Remote patient monitoring/telehealth Smart grid The use cases outlined in this section highlight many genuinely new applications for mobile technologies. The potential to support applications with high reliability, ultra-low latency, and widely available networks with strong security creates significant growth opportunities. Many of the use cases are still emerging markets (autonomous vehicles, commercial drones, and remote medical treatment), so growth will be dependent on market innovation and development of appropriate regulation, as well as the deployment of 5G networks. As a result, growth may take longer to accelerate, but given the broad implications of some of these use cases, the overall impact to society is expected to be tremendous. As explained below, work items related to MCS (uRLLC) among other topics have been pushed back from Release 15 to Release 16 and 17. This may slightly delay the introduction of technical features that specific applications require, such as near-ubiquitous coverage availability and guaranteed levels of latency. In the MIoT space, 5G faces competition from several unlicensed connectivity technologies. This is less the case in MCS, where no other wireless technology can support 5G’s characteristics of mobility, deep coverage, high speed, and low latency. Therefore, industry-specific factors, such as regulation on autonomous driving and line of sight operation of drones, will have the most impact on 5G MCS ranp-up. In this report the, the forecasted impact of 5G on autonomous vehicles and drones has been delayed to reflect the regulatory factors; however, the outlook for industrial automation, medica and energy/smart grid has remained unchanged. Several countries, such as the US and Germany, are planning to provide dedicated spectrum for private networks. These have attracted some initial interests from industries such as manufacturing and mining that want to have control over network performance (availability, bandwidth and latency), costs and their data. Should the private model prove successful, more countries are likely to follow suit and create an upside case for faster MCS adoption. 5G Ecosystem Development and Upstream Dependencies There are several factors that will contribute to the overall success and relative growth of the 5G ecosystem. These include issues related to the development of the standard, policy questions around spectrum allocation and use, market and application specific drivers, and inhibitors. The following section looks at these factors in more detail. 5G Standard Development In January 2017, when this study was last published, the first set of 5G standards, based on 3GPP Release 15, had not been completed. At that time, HIS Markit’s expectation was that 3GPP Release 15 work items would be completed in mid-June 2018 and commercial 5G launches, based on 3GPP Release 15, would occur from mid-2019. Subsequent to the publication of that report, there was a strong push for various stakeholders that wished to launch 5G as soon as possible and accelerate completion of Release 15. The specification of 5G non-standalone (NSA) NR in Stage 3 was completed in December 2017, six months ahead of schedule. 5G standalone (NSA) NR was completed by 14 June 2018 and enabled 5G deployments in a standalone (SA) mode. Please note that the acceleration of Release 15 menat that a range of items (such as vehicle to everything (V2X), URLLC enhancements through PDCCH and processing time enhancements, NR MTC for industrial sensors, among many other items) have been pushed back to 3GPP Release 16 and 17. 5G SPECTRUMS One of the critical improvements that 5G offers over previous generations of cellular technologies is support for a much broader range of spectrum, extending from 400 MHz to 100 GHz. The increased range of spectrum that 5G can theoretically utilize is a potential benefit, but there are challenges. The different spectrum ranges each have physical properties that are best suited to enable different types of 5G implementations and use cases. · Low band (below 1 GHz): works well for large-area coverage · Mid-band (1-6GHz): works well for urban deployment with increased capacity · High band (6-100GHz): millimeter wave (mm Wave) for multi-giga bit data rates, ultra-low latency, and much more capacity. As a result, no single band can meet every 5G requirement and fulfill the promises of 5G. In addition to the expanded range of licensed spectrum that 5G can utilize (if available), another unique feature of 5G is the ability to utilize both licensed and unlicensed spectrum, as well as shared spectrum. As with many other features in 5G, the foundational work for shared spectrum use actually began with LTE and work that was done for licensed-assisted access (LAA), Wi-Fi link aggregation (LWA), and licensed shared access (LSA). While the more efficient and flexible use of existing spectrum utilizing these capabilities is important, making new spectrum available for 5G is also critical for future development. To that end, there are a number of initiatives globally that are looking at opening up spectrum in a variety of bands for 5G use. This includes activities by the European Commission for the European Union (EU), the Asia Pacific Telecommunity for the Asia Pacific (APAC) region and the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) in the United States. 5G Network Deployments The accelerated completion of Release 15 enabled the first 5G launches in 2019, a year ahead of previous expectations. According to the GSA Report, Evolution from LTE to 5G: Global Market Status (August 2019), as of 6 August, 39 operators had launched 3GPP 5G service. Based on HIS Markit’s assessment during the first half of 2019 (5G Technology and Market Development Report, September 2019), there are three types of fundamentally different 5G launches: · Large scale: massive numbers (over 10,000) of 5G NR/gNBs (China and South Korea); · Small scale: tactical rollouts of pockets (100s) of 5G NR/gNBs (Australia, UK, Saudi Arabia, Switzerland, UAE, and the US); · Laggards: places where 4G LTE is underdeveloped, such as Antel Uruguay, Claro Chile, Claro Colombia, and Personal Argentina, which are deploying 5G and may be leapfrogging full-blown 4G services. As of September 2019, all commercial 5G networks were based on 5G NSA NR. HIS MArkit’s July 2019 published survey (Evolution from 4G to 5g Service Provider Survey), based on interviews in May and June 2019 found that 78% of 18 service providers, accounting for half of the world’s telecom capex and revenue, had launched 5G NSA NR, and 83% were planning to, by the end of 2019. Furthermore, based on the same survey, 33% of the 18 were planning to launch 5G SA NR in 2020. An analysis of 37 commercial 5G launches (source: HIS Markit 5G Technology Market Development Report, September 2019) found that 11 of these were fixed wireless access (FWA) only, 18 eMBB only, and 8 both FWA and eMBB. The GSA’s 5G Devices Ecosystem Report from September 2019 report cited 129 announced 5G devices across 15 form factors, including 41 smartphones (of which 16 were commercially available ), 9 hotspots (of which at least 5 were commercially available). The rapid development of a broad ecosystem of smartphones and other devices contrasts with the early experience with 4G LTE, when the first commercial devices available were USB dongles. IHS MArkit’s Evolution from 4G to 5G Service Provider Survey – 2019found that most existing 5G NR commercial deployments and service launches and those planned for the rest of 2019 will use mid-band spectrum (3-6 GHZ), particularly 3.5 GHz and 4.5 GHz. This is the most widely used spectrum inAsia Pacific and EMEA. 6-39 GHZ spectrum, which includes the mmWave bands of 28GHz and 39 GHz, is the next widely used spectrum (e.g. deployments from AT&T and Verizon in the US). Sub-1GHZ and 1-3 GHZ represent the least commonly utilized spectrum. As of writing, China’s telecoms operators are deploying extensive 5G networks using mid-band spectrum; however; they have yet to launch commercial 5G services. 5G Applications, Content and Services The increased bandwidth and latency capabilities of eMBB 5G will enable the development of new applications and services, such as for multi-player gaming and augmented reality (AR) applications that could not be supported by previous cellular technologies. Interoperability between operating systems and app stores will help propel the introduction of hosting access to compelling applications, content and services. 5G Industry-specific Factors Impacting Adoption In addition to the key dependencies above that impact all industries, there are also certain factors that will have industry-specific impacts on adoption of 5G. These include: · Certification: In industries such as medical (human health and social work) and energy (utilities), device vendors must adhere to rigorous safety and environmental rules. Devices may require to be tested and certified to meet these rules. Increasingly, security issues are being considered and factored into certification processes, as breaches of devices could have serious implications such as taking remote control of a medical device or disrupting power supply to critical infrastructure. · Integration with other protocols and standards: The industrial automation space (manufacturing) represents a fragmented landscape of legacy and new technology protocols and standards. Some leading industry bodies such as PI and OPC UA have included or are considering the inclusion of 5G into the roadmaps for their technologies. The pace of this development work will shape the readiness of manufacturing to adopt 5G. · Skill Sets and Business-model outfit: Wireless (cellular is particular) plays a limited role in the manufacturing space. Concerns over coverage/reliability and questions over the security of public cellular networks are two common inhibitors. Because most industrial automation connectivity is based on private wired technologies, manufacturers often lack the in-house skill sets to manage cellular-enabled machines and devices. The preference for private wired over public cellular connectivity also means that manufacturers are not accustomed to an opex (i.e. monthly fees for connectivity) business model. Shifting from a capex-centric to an opex-centric business model would require a fundamental change in how companies in the manufacturing space operate. 5G Adoption by Industry 5G technology will allow mobile to move beyond consumer and enterprise use into industry, thereby allowing humans to interact with the physical world like never before. As previously discussed, the technical specifications and capabilities of 5G are significantly different from the generation that came before. There are multiple classes of radios that can be used in a wide range of end devices to accomplish diverse sets of tasks. The standard has the potential to utilize not only licensed and unlicensed spectrum, but also shared spectrum, as well as operating on private and public networks. This incredible flexibility means tha 5G will be able to address an unprecedented number of industrial use cases. For mobile ecosystem players to penetrate these markets successfully, it will be critical to develop a deep understanding of the different industries and use cases they are trying to address. Many of these markets will have life cycles that will span 10 years or more. Others may have network requirements and necessitate either a private network, or a guaranteed slice of the network, and service assurance. This diversity of use cases and device types is one of the key factors in the economic impact assessment and why there is more rapid uptake in some markets than others. Mobile ecosystem players that understand the full potential of 5G and all the different enhancements, and that develop a strong understanding of the target vertical applications they are going after, are more likely to succeed and establish an important foothold in the market. IMPLICATIONS OF 5G TECHNOLOGY FOR KEY INDUSTRIES Transportation and logistics, manufacturing, utilities and agriculture are among the industries most likely to be impacted by 5G technology adoption. In the future, these industries will benefit from some or all of the capabilities of eMBB, MIoT, and MCS, including very high levels of availability, deep coverage, very high bandwidth and very low latency, reduced network energy usage, 10-year battery life for low power IoT devices, and increased cell density-the ability to connect I million nodes per square kilometer. These capabilities will gradually become available as new standards (3GPP Release 16, 17 and beyond) are released, networks deployed, and devices become available. Among the leading benefits enabled by 5G (alongside other capabilities and technologies, such as analytics and AI), will be increased operational efficiencies, more flexible production techniques, improved customer experience, and new revenue opportunities. Transportation and Storage is a broad industry, ranging from commercial freight carriage, public transport and the rental of transport equipment. Among the top priorities for both commercial freight carriers and retailers with their own fleets are the management of costs and maximizing levels of reliability: getting goods from A to B on time and in the right condition. These users have already embedded cellular and other forms of connectivity in their vehicles to comply with regulation (e.g. on driver hours), provide infotainment services to drivers, monitor driver behavior, engine performance and the condition of goods in transit. 5G enhancements are able to address these requirements and further drive cost benefits and higher levels of reliability through the transition to autonomous. Both leading freight carriers and large online and physical retailers are engaged in extensive autonomous (electric) vehicles which if successful and allowed by regulation could lead to large scale deployments in the longer term and the transformation of the transportation industry. Reliable, resilient 5G connectivity could also transform the public transportation industry by enhancing the online experience for passengers and providing improved monitoring of on-board electrical and mechanical systems and visibility into external risks (such as obstacles on a train line ) that could result in disruption or damage. For transport equipment rental companies, 5G will enable a shift to autonomous and a transition to ‘as-a-service’ business models based on usage or consumption rather than traditional day/week-based charging. Manufacturing will be affected by 5G in several ways. First, it will benefit from the need to mass produce 5G components, infrastructure, and devices. Second, 5G connectivity for inherently mobile or moving devices such as automated guided vehicles (AGV), handheld devices and robotic arms can improve monitoring and operation including, collaboration between devices. 5G can also enable more flexible production techniques, more rapid time to market with new products, and greater product customization. Although there will be potential for 5G wireless retrofitting to enable applications such as real-time closed-loop communications and hands-free remote monitoring and control, the dominance of wired technologies on the factory floor and lengthy fixed equipment replacement cycles means this benefit will evolve over the long term, utilizing the eMBB and MCS capabilities of 5G. Third, the integration of 5G connectivity into manufactured products, such as white goods, will enable OEMs to directly offer customers (and monetize) after-sale services such as remote monitoring and maintenance. As of writing, there is increased interest among factories for private LTE and 5G: networks that facilities can build and operate themselves. Mainly originating in Germany, thanks to the country’s Industry 4.0 initiatives, the concept is gaining attention in other markets with spectrum regulations offering deterministic spectrum allocations for campus area networks. In contrast to Wi-Fi, private LTE and 5G demand spectrum certainty for maximum performance and high tool density, an assurance provided by licensed spectrum. The United States ‘ initial commercial deployment (ICD) of CBRS spectrum paves the way for factories in the US to embrace the concept while France’s ARCEP agency has allocated a band of 2.6 GHZ LTE spectrum for industrial deployments. IHS Markit believes more countries will move to offer a licensed industrial spectrum option. Or those countries that do not, we expect local mobile network operators (MNO) to create focused service offers aimed at providing virtualized private network environments over a dedicated spectrum band supplied by the local MNO. For 5G, this concept will be a realization of the Network Slicing concept promised in advanced versions of the 5G network technology. Support for private LTE and 5G allows factories to limit opex spend (i.e., connectivity fees payable to operators), geofence sensitive data, and scale up their networks based on their requirements. Initial LTE and 5G private deployments in factories emerged in proof-of-concept factories operated by mobile telecom equipment suppliers such as Nokia, Ericsson, and Samsung. In June 2019, German automaker Daimler announced its plan for the world’s first 5G mobile network for automobile production. Deployed in partnership with Telefonica Deutschland and Ericsson, the Mercedes-Benz ‘Factory 56’ is intended to provide direct experience with emerging private LTE and 5G capabilities, Daimler plans to leverage the learnings gained by the project into plans for future plant evolution. Utilities can benefit from the MIoT and MCS capabilities of 5G for smart metering and smart grid automation. Currently, smart metering deployments are enabled by a range of different cellular , mesh, and wired technologies. 5G’s ability to support private networks, use licensed and unlicensed spectrum, and radio hopping/mesh renders it a flexible, multi-purpose technology for both greenfield and replacement deployments. Alongside the general economies of scale, the deep coverage and low power characteristics of 5G will enable utilities to benefit from automated meter reading (reducing the need for manual readings or inspector visits), more accurate customer billing, and fraud prevention. There is an ongoing trend for renewable energy, such as solar or wind, to be integrated onto the grid; however, the fragmented and irregular nature of this supply makes integration complex. 5G alongside analytics that can identify the optimal time for different sources of energy to come on to the grid (i.e., managing supply and demand), can enable automated real-time grid switching. Agriculture will benefit from 5G in several ways. 5G sensors equipped with long battery life and the ability to connect remote locations can monitor many types of equipment and conditions such as tank levels, soil moisture, and chemical content. This can then reduce tuck roll expense related to replenishment and can optimize schedules for watering and the application of fertilizer. Similarly, tracking devices attached to livestock can geofence their location (reducing the likelihood of loss) and monitor their movement and vital signs, which can help in the early identification of illness that if unrecognized would otherwise have a negative impact on farm output. The eMBB and MCS capabilities of 5G can also be leveraged by agriculture, notably through the remote operation of drones (with embedded cameras and sensors) to monitor crops and herds in real time and the monitoring and control of driver-operated and autonomous agricultural vehicles. THE ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION OF 5G As discussed in the ‘5G technology and use cases’ section, the early years of the 5G economy will be characterized by efforts to constantly strengthen the infrastructure and technology base followed by an ever deepening global deployment of the 5G use cases. Increasingly, businesses around the world will leverage 5G technologies to grow sales through increased efficiency, engage existing and new customers, and continually evolve their business models. Early deployments will be skewed toward eMBB applications; MIoT and MCS applications will gain traction in the medium to long-term as 5G drives mobile technology deeper into industrial and municipal applications. By 2035, the entire range of 5G use cases will be fully ramped up and organizations will have evolved their business models to take full advantage of 5G. Experts at HIS Markit projected forward to 2035 and looked at the economic conditions of 5G through three lenses. The first lens viewed the level of sales enabled by 5G, above and beyond what would be possible with the current trajectory of 4G. HIS Markit considered how 5G would enhance sales activity in 16 major industry sectors, based on the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities, Revision 4 system (ISIC). Developed by the United Nations ISIC provides standardized reporting of economic indicators regardless of country (definitions of the ISIC industries are provided in Appendix B). The Comparative Industry Service, a proprietary product of IHS Markit, which is consistent with ISIC, was leveraged to integrate additional economic information, as needed, to enhance the analysis. The second lens focused on how the combination of investment in 5G infrastructure plus R&D will foster the emergence of a value chain that continually deepens the 5G technology base. HIS Markit used industry-standard input-output economic modeling techniques to conduct this assessment. These models were built using data from the European Commission funded World Input-Output Database (WIOD) program. The 5G infrastructure and R&D investment could generate economic value beyond the 5G value chain. Therefore, the third lens used HIS Mark it’s proprietary Global Link Model (GLM) to assess the macroeconomic impact of these investments on global GDP. The methodologies used for the three assessments build upon those used in the original 2017 study, which HIS Markit developed in partnership with Dr. David Teece, Chairman and Principal Executive Officer of the Berkeley Research Group and the Thomas W. Tusher Professor in Global Business at the Haas Business School at the University of California Berkeley, and Kalian Dasgupta, Principal at the Berkeley Research Group. The reader is referred to Appendix C for a discussion of the modeling technologies. IHS Markit’s outlook for the global economy has changed since the 2017 study was published, which leads to subtle changes to our projected impacts of 5G. Perhaps most notable is a lower growth rate for the global economy due, in large part to a slowdown in China’s growth rate. Paradoxically, the country is also expected to increase its share of global manufacturing output, a sector where 5Gwill have a significant impact. A brief discussion of the drivers behind the differences in economic contributions from the 2017 study is presented in Appendix D. Global Output: The $13.2 Trillion Global Opportunity 5G deployments will positively affect virtually every industry sector. Indeed, adoption and integration across many industry sectors will solidify the role of 5G in transforming mobile technology into a GPT. Industries have differing economic and regulatory structures that will affect the timing and adoption of the new business models that 5G will enable, which is why HIS MArkit focused on a longer time horizon and chose 2035 as the analysis year. Assuming the standards process, regulatory environment, and industry adoption proceed as discussed earlier in this report, HIS Markit estimates that potential global sales activity across multiple industry sectors enabled by 5G could reach $13.2 trillion in 2035. This represents 5.0% of all global real output in 2035. A word of caution is warranted concerning the sales enablement metric. Specifically the sales enablement metric is not a direct measure of contribution to global GDP and should not be interpreted as such. Rather, sales enablement is a measure of global sales activity that 5G will enable across the 16th ISIC industry sectors. This includes both intermediate purchases required to make and deliver goods and services plus sales to end users (i.e., final demand). Intermediate purchases include for example, when a car manufacturer buys components (tires, batteries etc) needed to build a vehicle from suppliers. The car is assembled, sold To a dealership (another intermediate purchase), and eventually sold to a consumer (final demand). The sales enablement metric captures the sales transactions that occur at every point of the journey from initial assembly to the consumer driving the car off the showroom floor. GDP, on the other hand, measures the value of final demand for goods and services within an economy.In our example, only the final purchase by the consumer would be included in a GDP calculation. Thus, relative to GDP, the sales enablement metric will be significantly larger. The following infographic presents the consolidated findings by industry, ranked from highest impact (manufacturing) the lowest impact (arts and entertainment). Manufacturing will garner almost $4.7 trillion, or 36%, of the $13.2 trillion in sales enablement. This might appear high until one considers that implementing any of the 5G use cases will stimulate, at a minimum, complementary spending on equipment, all of which will be produced by the manufacturing sector. For example drones will enable sales within the transportation sector; however, this will require the transportation sector to buy additional drones from the manufacturing sector. Muse cases will require complementary spending on 5G-ready equipment from the manufacturing sector, which will see the second largest share of 5G-enabled economic activity, at almost $1.6 trillion. Implementing any of the 5G use cases will require spending on communication and content services. A detailed look at specific use cases driving industry adoption of 5G is provided in the next section. TABLE 1 - 5G WILL ENABLE $1.2 TRILLION OF GLOBAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN 2035 page 17 While 5G could enable about 5.% of global real output in 2035, the 5G-enabled sales percentage by industry will vary from a high of 10.7% in the information and communications sector to a low 2.2% in the hospitality sector. The sheer size of the manufacturing sector , which will account for over 31% of global real output in 2035, along with the fact that much of the 5G-enabled manufacturing sales will be secondary (i.e equipment sales in support of use case)will lead to a percentage (5.4%) that is slightly below the overall average. Perhaps more notable is the fact that 5G could enable 6.3%of public service (government) and 5.3% of agricultural output in 2035, driven by smart city and smart agriculture deployments, respectively. To put these findings in a broader context, one must also consider the secondary linkages across multiple industries for a given use case. For example, the availability of autonomous vehicles and drones will do more than stimulate sales of driverless cars and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to consumers. They will also be deployed in agricultural and mining applications ranging from surveillance of natural resources to autonomous transport of ores to self-driving tractors. They will be widely used in the transportation sector for driverless transport and delivery of commercial and consumer goods. Municipalities will integrate autonomous vehicles into their transit systems while using drones for monitoring functions. In manufacturing, autonomous vehicles will also be used in intra-plant stocking and retrieval systems. Finally, autonomous vehicles will also positively affect the insurance industry as vehicle accident rates decrease. Use Cases Driving 5G Adoption and Industry Output Each industry will identify different use cases and benefits of 5G technology. The most near-term use cases for each industry are discussed below, presented in order of those industries that will have the greatest sales enabled by 5G. Manufacturing: Adoption will benefit in the short-to-medium term from enhanced indoor wireless broadband coverage. Other early use cases include asset tracking (visibility over incoming and outgoing components and goods in the supply chain) and industrial automation, such as connectivity from moving assets such as AGVs. Information and communication: This industry includes telecommunications, broadcasting, and video. THe provision of enhanced outdoor wireless broadband (particularly smartphone) connectivity is the main early use case. Wholesale and retail: Enhanced indoor wireless broadband coverage (enabling consumers to access product information, offers, and store maps) via their smartphones is a key early use case. Out-of-store tracking of vehicles and condition monitoring of perishables in transmit will also leverage eMBB/MIoT capabilities. Public Service: This segment includes government activity, including smart cities development and defense. Energy/Utilities (e.g. smart metering) is a key early use case for smart cities, enabling not only more accurate customer billing but also more insight into consumption at different times of the day and year. This can be a useful tool for governments and suppliers to predict future demand and manage supply, including the integration of non-traditional forms of energy on the grid. Construction: The remote monitoring and control of both driver-operated and autonomous construction vehicles will be an early use case. Transportation and storage: This includes land, water and air transport, transport via pipelines, and warehousing and support activities for transportation. In the short-to-medium term, asset tracking (including fleet management) and drones will drive 5G adoption in this industry. Financial and insurance: Early use cases will include enterprise teamwork/collaboration and training/education. 5G’s role in monitoring remote patient conditions will be among the earliest use cases investigated by health insurance companies. Professional services: Enterprise teamwork/collaboration and extending mobile computing (remote access to cloud-based information and applications) will be among the earliest 5G use cases. Health and social work: The dispersed, mobile nature of the healthcare and social work force will drive enterprise teamwork/collaboration as an early use case. Medical applications such as remote patient monitoring and treatment guidance from hospital-based clinicians to field workers (nurses, paramedics) will be early use cases. Agriculture, forestry and fishing: In the short-to-medium term, asset tracking (including fleet management) and drones will drive 5G adoption in this industry. Livestock and soil monitoring (MIoT) will be an early use case. The increasing integration of 4G LTE into agricultural vehicles provides an upgrade opportunity for eMBB-based 5G. Real estate activities: Hosting 5G cell infrastructure represents a near term use case for real estate. Mining and quarrying: The remote monitoring of high-value mining equipment to drive efficient usage and prevent outage will be the key early use case. Utilities: Early use cases will include smart metering (electricity, gas, and water) and monitoring of power and sewer infrastructure. Education: Key early use cases will include enterprise teamwork/collaboration and training/education as well as AR, particularly in research-intensive scientific disciplines. Hospitality: As with arts and entertainment, enhancing the customer experience (through enhanced indoor wireless broadband coverage) will be a short-term driver. Arts and entertainment: Enabling a better audience experience through reliable connectivity and the ability to share live video is driving stadium owners’ interest in eMBB 5G. The 5G Value Chain in 2035: $3.6 Trillion in Output and 22.3 Million Jobs Achieving the sales enablement potential of 5G will require ongoing investments by firms in the 5G value chain to continually improve and strengthen the foundational technology base. The 5G value chain will encompass a broad spectrum of technology firms, including but not limited to: Network operators Providers of core technologies and components OEM device manufacturers Infrastructure equipment manufacturers Content and application developers IHS Markit modeled the economic activity of the 5G value chain for seven countries that are expected to be at the forefront of 5G development: the United States, China, Japan, Germany, South Korea, the United Kingdom and France. From 2020 to 2035, IHS Markit anticipates the collective investment in R&D and capex by firms that are part of the 5G value chain within these countries will average over $235 billion annually. In the early years, foundational R&D and network infrastructure deployments will dominate 5G investment activities. Subsequently, IHS Markit expects the overall investment in R&D and capex to slowly taper. During this period, the focus of investments will shift from primarily infrastructure towards development of applications and services that exploit the unique capabilities of 5G. The sustained investment cycle is another indicator that 5G is a ‘long game’ that will see investment priorities shift as infrastructure is deployed , the underlying technology base is continually strengthened, new business models come online, and replacement cycles for many of the use cases are lengthened. The United States and China are expected to dominate 5G R&D and capex, investing a total of $1.3 trillion and $1.2 trillion, respectively, over the 16-year time horizon of this study. IHS Markit estimates that the United States will account for about 26.7% of global 5G investment, closely followed by China at 25.5%. While not a primary focus of this study, spending beyond the seven core countries will make up about 21% of the global 5G investments. Additional details on the methodology are provided in Appendix C. DIAGRAM 2 - SHARE OF 5G VALUE CHAIN R&D AND CAPEX BY COUNTRY AVERAGE, 2020-2035 page 18 Average Annual Share of Value Chain R&D and Capex Country, 2020-35 Ultimately, the investments in R&D and capex will facilitate bringing the 5G use cases online. This will enable sales across virtually all industry sectors while also driving sales throughout the 5G value chain and its associated networks. IHS Markit estimates that, by 2035 the 5G value chain alone will drive $3.6 trillion of economic output and support 22.3 million jobs. Not surprisingly, given the relative size of the population and the investments made, 5G will support the highest number of jobs in China. The analysis also indicates how investments made by these seven countries will affect the rest of the world. Many developing and emerging economies are already leapfrogging older technology and becoming more mobile oriented, and 5G will have significant economic impact on these mobile-enabled economies. Value chain economic activity stimulated in the rest of the world is slightly less than that of the United States (the biggest investor in 5G). DIAGRAM 3 - GLOBAL 5G VALUE CHAIN OUTPUT AND EMPLOYMENT IN 2035 page 19 Sustainable Global Economic Growth Another measure of the economic contribution of 5G will make to the global economy is an assessment of its net effect on global GDP. The sales enablement and value chain activity, while extremely large and positive, may have offsetting effects because of investments and spending that otherwise might have occurred in other sectors of the global economy that could have stimulated growth and positive productivity effects. If a net positive contribution is made to global GDP, then 5G can be considered a source of global expansion and growth. IHS Markit used its proprietary Global Link Model (GLM), a system that captures the interconnected nature of the global economy, with two primary sets of inputs. The first was the annual investments (capex and R&D) made by the 5G value chain within each of the seven countries that were the primary focus of the IHS Markit research for the 2020-35 period. This captures the effects of strengthening the country-level economy by making investments (determined as part of the sales enablement analysis). This captures the economic knock-on effects attributable to companies increasing their efficiency and launching new business models enabled by 5G technology. For the 2020-35 period, IHS markit forecasts global real GDP will grow at an average annual rate 2.5%, of which 5G will contribute almost 0.2% of that growth. From 2020 to 2035, the annual GDP contributions of 5G will total almost $2.7 trillion . While this figure is in real (inflation-adjusted) dollars, a simple sum does not factor in potential global risk. Therefore, IHS Markit took the net present value of GDP contributions, discounted at a modest 3% rate, to derive a risk adjusted value of $2.1 trillion. To put that in perspective, from 2020 to 2035, the total contribution of 5G to real global GDP growth will be equivalent to the current GDP of Italy-the eight largest economy in the world. Based on this assessment, IHS Markit concludes 5G will be a source of positive global economic expansion and growth. DIAGRAM 4 - ANNUAL NET CONTRIBUTION OF 5G TO GLOBAL GROWTH CONCLUSION Based on the analysis of the technical contributions, IHS Markit translated the development and deployment of 5G technology into economic inputs. IHS Markit used these inputs to assess the economic impact through three different lenses (at the micro and macro levels). The models revealed that 5G technology would contribute very large and sustainable economic benefits across all sectors of the global economy. Like prior generations of mobile technologies, 5G will have profound effects on how people live , work and interact, but 5G will transcend the communications field and help fundamentally alter how a vast and diverse group of industries operate. IHS Markit, therefore, views 5G as a catalyst that will thrust mobile technology into the exclusive realm of GPTs. By 2035, mobile applications will experience pervasive adoption across multiple industries, initiating transformative changes that will redefine work processes and spur innovations that rewrite the rules of competitive economic advantage. These innovations will have extraordinary effects on human and machine productivity, and ultimately may help elevate living standards for people around the world. IHS Markit evaluated the potential of 21 unique 5G use cases that will drive productivity improvements and enhance economic activity across a broad range of industry sectors. Further, IHS Markit assessed the central role the 5G value chain will play in continually strengthening and expanding the current mobile technology platform. Finally, IHS Markit determined that, in large part because of 5G, use of mobile technology will lead to sustainable economic growth on a global basis. The 5G economy will introduce a new level of complexity to policy making and regulations new business models emerge and the old ways of delivering goods and services are either dramatically altered or abandoned completely. Areas where policy and regulatory modernization will be required for a 5G-ready world include public safety; cybersecurity; privacy; public infrastructure; healthcare; spectrum licensing and permitting; and education, training and development. THe challenge for policymakers in the 5G economy is that they must be prepared to address the ubiquity of 5G in everyday life without creating regimes that stunt continued innovation. The policy frameworks that safeguard the ability of firms to take risks, make investments, and continue the relentless pursuit of innovation are the important vehicles for continuing on the path to the 5G economy. In conclusion, the emergence of 5G signals a tipping point in the evolution of mobile from a mostly personal technology dominated phenomenon to a platform that enables new classes of advanced applications, fosters business innovation, and spurs economic growth. IHS Markit concludes that, by 2035, 5G has the potential to stimulate $13.2 trillion in global sales activity across a broad spectrum of industries and use cases. This is an increase of $900 billion as compared to the 2017 edition of this same report, due in a large part to the early completion of the first 5G standard and the resulting earlier-than-anticipated commercial 5G network launches by major operators. THe 2019 edition of this study further identified that 5G technology will support a global value chain ecosystem that generates $3.6 trillion in output and supports 22.3 million jobs in 2035, leading to long-term sustainable contributions to the growth of global GDP. RECOMMENDATIONS At present the technology is still in the embryonic stage, most of the information are projections. However, to date all the projections in the past have been surpassed in reality. Africa and the Caribbean are at the stage where they can decide their own destiny; in terms of the rollout of this technology. One of the major things to safeguard themselves against is the major economies dumping old outdated technology on them. To date they are not even at the table but going forward they will be able to control the pace of their development once they educate themselves. Most of the countries in Africa need a serious health care system. At this time they can use best practices in order to develop this sector. Let me attach the conclusion to a study done by Berkeley University specifically related to the Health Sector. Next month I will include the conclusion on Autonomous Vehicles. The information related to the Appendices can be found in the original report. African Scientists need to get on the ball. Businesses need to start researching the area. To date the only country in Africa with 5G is the Republic of South Africa. Hence, the impact by the Canadian Virus. You can research the human interface feature of 5G. CONCLUSION TO BERKELEY REPORT ON HEALTH CARE DRIVEN BY 5G Concluding Remarks 45. The advent of 5G technology represents an important augmentation of the role of mobile technology in the wider economy. Mobile technology will go from a significant enabling technology to one that is pervasive and transformative in many uses across the economy, i.e., a “general purpose technology.” The health care sector provides an excellent illustration of this transition. The reliability and ubiquity of 5G networks, combined with the role of such networks in facilitating “computing at the edge”, will directly enable the personalization of healthcare. The personalization of health care means “more prevention” and “more precision”, improving patients’ quality of life, improving health outcomes and reducing costs to the health care system. 5G will enable substantial advances in health informatics and thus fuel both new business opportunities and significantly facilitate a perhaps-needed transition to “outcome-based” health care. 46. However, public policy has an important role to play in unleashing the full potential of 5G technology. With standardization, and the desire to make wireless technology widely available, licensing is the main mechanism, or business model, by which the developers of wireless technology can be rewarded, absent government subsidies. This puts an onus on policy makers and the courts to make sure licensing enables technology to be both developed and adopted. Public policy towards INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY (IP) can impact—positively or negatively—the rate at, and extent to, which the 5G technology develops, by encouraging or retarding core innovation. Public policy in other areas—e.g., tax, regulation, privacy law—can also ensure that incentives to invest in technology development are robust and artificial barriers to effective adoption and use of 5G are minimized.’ COUNTRIES WITH 5G Australia Austria Belgium Bahrain Canada China Czech Republic Finland Germany Hong Kong Hungary Ireland Italy Japan Kuwait Maldives Monaco Netherlands New Zealand Norway Oman Philippines Poland Puerto Rico Qatar Romania Saudi Arabia South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Switzerland Thailand Trinidad and Tobago United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States of America Virgin Islands, U.S. CONTRACTS MADE WHILE I WAS ILLEGALLY LOCKED DOWN IN SWEDEN 5G news JUL 29, 2020 | News Ericsson delivers first U.S. manufactured 5G base station to Verizon JUL 28, 2020 | News Ericsson to supply millimeter wave equipment and services to U.S. Cellular JUL 10, 2020 | News Ericsson to deploy private mobile network at Paris Airports for Groupe ADP, Hub One and Air France JUL 07, 2020 | News Ericsson President and CEO, Börje Ekholm: Once 5G infrastructure is established, the killer app will emerge JUL 03, 2020 | News Ericsson powers Vodafone UK Standalone 5G network at Coventry University CONCLUSION We made it again people, through many trials and tribulations we survive a new month. Well you have the first section the technology is new go and be your awesome self. It is anybody’s game. I have never been analysed more than in these Blogs. Hundreds of people examined me and are examining me while I was completing this blog and the one for November. Plots and counterplots from so called respectable people. I am amazed I did not know the world had deteriorated to this level. Let us leave with one of my old time favourites. No weapon formed against me shall prosper Virgil Meares

Once again, this is me Raphleta Lillene’s baby girl coming to you from Milwaukee, Wisconsin. COMMON 5G TECHNOLOGY TERMS Asia Pacific Telecommunity for the Asia Pacific (APAC) Augmented Reality (AR) European Union (EU) Federal Communication Commission (FCC) Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) Gigabit Per second (Gbps) Global Link Model (GLM) Intellectual Property (IP) International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities, Revision 4 system (ISIC) Licensed-Assisted access (LAA) Licensed Shared Access (LSA) Long Term Evolution (LTE) Machine-to-machine (M2M) Millimetre Wave (mmWave) Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) Massive Internet of Things (MIoT) Mission Critical Services (MCS). Mobile Broadband (MBB) Non-Standalone (NSA) Standalone (SA) The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Virtual Reality (VR) Wi-Fi link aggregation (LWA) REFERENCES The 5G Economy - How 5G will Contribute to the Global Economy - IHS Markit 5G Mobile: Impact on the Health Care Sector - David J. Teece What is 5G Sascha Segan